PART THREE.
THE
ETYMOLOGIES.
THE ETYMOLOGIES.
The mode of my father's linguistic construction, which as is well known
was carried on throughout his life and in very close relation to the
evolution of the narratives, shows the same unceasing movement as do
they: a quality fundamental to the art, in which (as I believe) finality and
a system fixed at every point was not its underlying aim. But while his
'language' and his 'literature' were so closely interwoven, to trace the
history of the literary process through many texts (even though the trail
might be greatly obscured) is of its nature enormously much easier than
to trace the astounding complexity of the phonological and grammatical
evolution of the Elvish languages.
Those languages were conceived, of course, from the very beginning
in a deeply 'historical' way: they were embodied in a history, the history
of the Elves who spoke them, in which was to be found, as it evolved, a
rich terrain for linguistic separation and interaction: 'a language requires
a suitable habitation, and a history in which it can develop' (Letters no.
294, p. 375). Every element in the languages, every element in every
word, is in principle historically 'explicable' - as are the elements in
languages that are not 'invented' - and the successive phases of their
intricate evolution were the delight of their creator. 'Invention' was thus
altogether distinct from 'artificiality'. In his essay 'A Secret Vice' (The
Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, 1983, p. 198) my father
wrote of his liking for Esperanto, a liking which, he said, arose 'not least
because it is the creation ultimately of one man, not a philologist, and is
therefore something like a "human language bereft of the inconveniences
due to too many successive cooks" - which is as good a description of the
ideal artificial language (in a particular sense) as I can give.' The Elvish
languages are, in this sense, very inconvenient indeed, and they image
the activities of countless cooks (unconscious, of course, of what they
were doing to the ingredients they had come by): in other words, they
image language not as 'pure structure', without 'before' and 'after', but as
growth, in time.
On the other hand, the linguistic histories were nonetheless 'images',
invented by an inventor, who was free to change those histories as he was
free to change the story of the world in which they took place; and he did
so abundantly. The difficulties inherent in the study of the history of any
language or group of languages are here therefore compounded: for this
history is not a datum of historical fact to be uncovered, but an unstable,
shifting view of what the history was. Moreover, the alterations in the
history were not confined to features of 'interior' linguistic development:
the 'exterior' conception of the languages and their relations underwent
change, even profound change; and it is not to be thought that the
representation of the languages in letters, in tengwar, should be exempt.
It must be added that my father's characteristic method of work -
elaborate beginnings collapsing into scrawls; manuscripts overlaid
with layer upon layer of emendation - here find their most extreme
expression; and also that the philological papers were left in the greatest
disorder. Without external dating, the only way to determine sequence
(apart from the very general and uncertain guide of changing hand-
writing) is in the internal evidence of the changing philology itself; and
that, of its nature, does not offer the sort of clues that lead through the
maze of the literary texts. The clues it does offer are very much more
elusive. It is also unfortunately true that hasty handwriting and ill-
formed letters are here far more destructive; and a great deal of my
father's late philological writing is, I think, strictly unusable.
It will be seen then that the philological component in the evolution of
Middle-earth can scarcely be analysed, and most certainly cannot be
presented, as can the literary texts. In any case, my father was perhaps
more interested in the processes of change than he was in displaying the
structure and use of the languages at any given time - though this is no
doubt due to some extent to his so often starting again at the beginning
with the primordial sounds of the Quendian languages, embarking on a
grand design that could not be sustained (it seems indeed that the very
attempt to write a definitive account produced immediate dissatisfaction
and the desire for new constructions: so the most beautiful manuscripts
were soon treated with disdain).
The most surprising thing, perhaps, is that he was so little concerned
to make comprehensive vocabularies of the Elvish tongues. He never
made again anything like the little packed 'dictionary' of the original
Gnomish language on which I drew in the appendices to The Book of Lost
Tales. It may be that such an undertaking was always postponed to the
day, which would never come, when a sufficient finality had been
achieved; in the meantime, it was not for him a prime necessity. He did
not, after all, 'invent' new words and names arbitrarily: in principle, he
devised them from within the historical structure, proceeding from the
'bases' or primitive stems, adding suffix or prefix or forming compounds,
deciding (or, as he would have said, 'finding out') when the word came
into the language, following through the regular changes of form that it
would thus have undergone, and observing the possibilities of formal or
semantic influence from other words in the course of its history. Such a
word would then exist for him, and he would know it. As the whole
system evolved and expanded, the possibilities for word and name
became greater and greater.
The nearest he ever came to a sustained account of Elvish vocabulary
is not in the form of nor intended to serve as a dictionary in the
ordinary sense, but is an etymological dictionary of word-relationships:
an alphabetically-arranged list of primary stems, or 'bases', with their
derivatives (thus following directly in form from the original 'Qenya
Lexicon' which I have described in I. 246). It is this work that is given
here. My father wrote a good deal on the theory of sundokarme or 'base-
structure' (see suo and KAR in the Etymologies), but like everything else it
was frequently elaborated and altered, and I do not attempt its presen-
tation here. My object in giving the Etymologies * in this book is rather as
an indication of the development, and mode of development, of the
vocabularies of the Elvish languages at this period than as a first step in
the elucidation of the linguistic history; and also because they form an
instructive companion to the narrative works of this time.
It is a remarkable document, which must be reckoned among the most
difficult of all the papers containing unique material which my father
left. The inherent difficulties of the text are increased by the very bad
condition of the manuscript, which for much of its length is battered,
torn, crumpled at the edges, and discoloured (so that much that was very
lightly pencilled is now barely visible and extremely hard to decipher).
In some sections the maze of forms and cancellations is so dense, and for
the most part made so quickly, that one cannot be sure what my father's
final intention was: in these parts he was working out potential con-
nections and derivations on the spot, by no means setting down already
determined histories. There were many routes by which a name might
have evolved, and the whole etymological system was like a kaleidoscope,
for a decision in one place was likely to set up disturbing ripples in
etymological relations among quite distinct groups of words. Moreover,
complexity was (as it were) built in, for the very nature of the 'bases' set
words on phonetic collision courses from their origin.
The work varies a great deal, however, between its sections (which are
the groups of base-stems beginning with the same initial letter). The
worst parts, both in their physical condition and in the disorganisation of
their content, are the central letters of the alphabet, beginning with E. As
the text proceeds the amount of subsequent alteration and addition, and
resultant confusion, diminishes, and when P and R are reached the
etymologies, though rough and hasty, are more orderly. With these
groups my father began to use smaller sheets of paper which are much
better preserved, and from S to the end the material does not present
serious difficulty; while the concluding section (W) is written out very
legibly in ink (in this book the last section is Y, but that is not so in the
original: see p. 346). These relatively clear and orderly entries are found
also in the A-stems, while the B-stems are distinct from all the rest in that
they were written out as a very finished and indeed beautiful manuscript.
The entries under D are in two forms: very rough material that was
partly overwritten more legibly in ink, and then a second, much clearer
and more ordered version on the smaller sheets.
(* On a covering page to the manuscript is written Etymologies, and also
Beleriandic and Noldorin names and words: Etymologies.)
I have not been able to reach any certain interpretation of all this, or
find an explanation that satisfies all the conditions in detail. On the whole
I am inclined to think that the simplest is most likely to be right in
essentials. I have little doubt that the dictionary was composed pro-
gressively, through the letters of the alphabet in succession; and it may
be that the very making of such a dictionary led to greater certainty in the
whole etymological system, and greater clarity and assurance in its
setting-out, as the work proceeded - but this also led to much change in
the earlier parts. Having reached the end of the alphabet, my father then
turned back to the beginning, with the intention of putting into better
order the sections which had been first made and had suffered the most
alteration; but this impulse petered out after the entries under D. If this
were so, the original A and B entries were subsequently destroyed or lost;
whereas in the case of D both survive (and it is noticeable that the second
version of the D-entries differs from the former chiefly in arrangement,
rather than in further etymological development).
Turning now to the question of date, I give some characteristic
examples of the evidence on which I think firm conclusions can be based.
The original entry ELED gave the meaning of the stem as 'depart', with
a derivative Elda 'departed'. Since this was the interpretation of Eldar in
the Lhammas $2 and in QS $23 as those works were originally written,
and first appears in them, the original entries under E clearly belong to
that time. This interpretation was replaced in both the Lhammas and QS
by carefully made emendations changing the meaning to 'Star-folk', and
introducing the term Avari, with the meaning 'Departing'. Now the
meaning 'Star-folk' appears in a second entry ELED replacing the first
(and to all appearance made not long after); while the stem AB, ABAR
bore, as first written, the meaning 'depart', and the derivative Avari was
defined as 'Elves who left Middle-earth'. Thus the original A-entries and
some at least of the alterations under E belong to the phase of the earliest
alterations to QS.
In QS the meaning of Avari was then changed to 'the Unwilling' (see
p. 219), and at the same time the root-meaning of AB, ABAR in the
Etymologies was changed to 'refuse, deny' and the interpretation of Avari
to 'Elves who never left Middle-earth or began the march.' This change
can be dated from the note of 20 November 1937 (given on p. zoo) in
which my father said that Avari was to replace Lembi as the name of the
Elves who remained in the East, while Lembi were to be 'Ilkorin Teleri',
i.e. the Eldar who remained in Beleriand (see QS $$29-30 and p. 219).
These changes were incorporated in the typescript of QS, which seems to
have been in being by the beginning of February 1938 (p. 200). (The
additional entry LEB, LEM shows this development, since Lembi is there
translated as 'Elves remaining behind = Telerin Ilkorins'.)
In the note dated 3 February 1938 (p. 200) my father said that while
Tintalle 'Kindler' could stand as a name of Varda, Tinwerontar 'Queen
of Stars' must be changed to Elentari, because 'tinwe' in Qenya only =
spark (tinta- to kindle).' In the entry TIN the names Tinwetar and
Tinwerontar of Varda were struck from the original material, and in the
margin was written: Tintanie, Tintalle Kindler = Varda; Q tinta- to
kindle, make to spark'. Original T-entries can therefore be dated before
February 1938.
Under the stem MEN appears the form harmen 'south', which was not
subsequently changed, and again under the (additional) entry KHAR, but
in this case the base-stem was afterwards changed to KHYAR and harmen
to hyarmen. The insertion of y in this word was one of the alterations
required in the note of 20 November 1937.
Putting these and a number of other similar evidences together,
it seems to me clear that despite their very various appearance the
Etymologies were not spread over a long period, but were contemporary
with QS; and that some of the additions and corrections can be securely
dated to the end of 1937 and the beginning of 1938, the time of the
abandonment of QS and the beginning of The Lord of the Rings. How
much longer my father kept the work in being with further additions and
improvements is another question, but here also I think that an answer
can be given sufficient for the purpose. This lies in the observations that
there are relatively few names that belong specifically to The Lord of the
Rings; that all of them are quite clearly additions to existing entries or
introduce additional base-stems; that almost all were put in very hastily,
mere memoranda, and not really accommodated to or explained in
relation to the base-stems; and that the great majority come from the
earlier part of The Lord of the Rings - before the breaking of the fellow-
ship. Thus we find, for example, Baranduin (BARAN); the imperative
daro! 'stop!' (DAR; this was the sentry's command to the Company of the
Ring on the borders of Lothlorien); Hollin added under EREK; the
scrawled addition of a base ETER with the imperative edro! 'open!' (the
word shouted by Gandalf before the doors of Moria); Celebrimbor
(KWAR); Caradras (RAS; replacing in the original draft of the chapter The
Ring Goes South the name Taragaer, itself found in the Etymologies
under the added base TARAK); Celebrant (RAT); Imladris (RIS). The
words caras (KAR) and naith (SNAS), both of them additions, probably
argue the existence of Caras Galadon and the Naith of Lothlorien, and
the added rhandir 'pilgrim' under RAN, taken with the added mith 'grey'
under MITH, shows Mithrandir. Clear cases of names from later in The
Lord of the Rings do occur (so Palantir under PAL and TIR, Dolbaran
under BARAN), but they are very few.
I conclude therefore that while my father did for two or three years
more make rather desultory entries in the Etymologies as new names
emerged in The lard of the Rings, he gave up even this as the new work
proceeded; and that the Etymologies as given here illustrate the develop-
ment of the Quenya and Noldorin (later > Sindarin) lexicons at the
decisive period reached in this book, and provide in fact a remarkable
point of vantage.
The Etymologies, then, reflect the linguistic situation in Beleriand
envisaged in the lhammas (see especially the third version, Lam-
masethen, p. 194), with Noldorin fully preserved as the language of the
Exiles, though profoundly changed from its Valinorian form and having
complex interrelations in respect of names with 'Beleriandic' (Ilkorin),
especially the speech of Doriath. Afterwards my father developed the
conception of a kind of amalgamation between Noldorin and the in-
digenous speech of Beleriand, though ultimately there emerged the
situation described in The Silmarillion (p. 129): the Noldor abandoned
their own tongue and adopted that of the Elves of Beleriand (Sindarin).
So far-reaching was this reformation that the pre-existent linguistic
structures themselves were moved into new historical relations and given
new names; but there is no need here to enter that rather baffling
territory.
The presentation of such a text as this can obviously not be exact: in
the most chaotic parts a degree of personal interpretation of what was
meant is altogether inevitable. There is in any case a great deal of
inconsistency in detail between the different parts of the manuscript- for
example, in the use of marks expressing length of vowel, which vary
unceasingly between acute accent, macron (long mark), and circumflex.
I have only 'standardized' the entries to a very limited extent, and only in
so far as I have felt confident that I ran little risk of confusing the original
intention. In particular, I have done nothing to bring divergent forms, as
between one part of the Etymologies and another, into accord, seeing that
the evolution of 'bases' and derivative words is an essential part of the
history; and indeed in the most complex parts of the manuscript (initial
letters E, G, K) I have attempted to distinguish the different 'layers' of
accretion and alteration, though elsewhere I have been very selective in
pointing out additions to the original list. I have 'standardized' the
entries to the extent of giving the 'bases' always in capitals, and of using
the acute accent to signify long vowels in all 'recorded' forms (as opposed
to 'hypothetical' antecedent forms), with the circumflex for long vowels
in stressed final syllables in Exilic Noldorin and Ilkorin, as is largely done
in the original. I use y for j of the original throughout (e.g. KUY, DYEL for
KUJ, DJEL), since this is less misleading and was my father's own practice
elsewhere (found in fact here and there in the Etymologies); the stems
with initial J, becoming Y, are moved forward from their original place
before K to the end of the list. I print the back nasal (as in English king)
with a Spanish tilde (n), again following my father's frequent practice,
though in the Etymologies he used special forms of the letter n. His
grammatical abbreviations are retained, as follows:
adj. adjective. g.sg. genitive singular.
adv. adverb. inf. infinitive.
cpd. compound. intr. intransitive.
f. feminine. m. masculine.
pa.t. past tense. q.v. quod vide, 'which see'.
pl. plural. sg. singular.
p.p. past participle. tr. transitive.
prep. preposition.
The sign + means 'poetic or archaic'. The abbreviations used for the
different languages are as follows (there is no explanatory list of them
accompanying the manuscript):
Dan. Danian.
Dor. Doriathrin.
Eld. Eldarin.
EN. Exilic Noldorin (also referred to as 'Exilic', but most often
simply as N)
Ilk. Ilkorin.
L. Lindarin.
N. Noldorin.
ON. Old Noldorin (i.e. the Korolambe' or Kornoldorin, see the
Lhammas $5).
Oss. Ossiriandeb (the name in the Lhammas, where however
the form Ossiriandic is also found).
PQ. Primitive Quendian.
T. Telerin.
An asterisk prefixed to a form means that it is 'hypothetical', deduced to
have existed from later, recorded forms.
My own contributions are always enclosed within square brackets. A
question mark standing within such brackets indicates doubt as to the
correctness of my reading, but in other cases is original. Where I have
found words totally illegible or can do no better than a guess (a very small
proportion of the whole, in fact) I have usually omitted them silently,
and so also with scattered jottings where no meaning is attached to forms,
or where no clear connections are given. I have kept my own notes to a
minimum, and in particular have very largely eschewed the temptation
to discuss the etymologies in relation to earlier and later Elvish forms
published elsewhere. On the other hand, while my father inserted many
internal references to other stems, I have substantially increased the
number (those due to me being enclosed within square brackets), since it
is often difficult to find an element when it had been greatly changed
from its ultimate 'base'. The Index to the book is further designed to
assist in the tracing of name-elements that appear in the Etymologies.
A.
AB-, ABAR- refuse, deny, * abaro refuser, one who does not go forth:
Q Avar (or Avaro), pl. Avari = Elves who never left Middle-earth or
began the march; N Afor, pl. Efuir, Efyr (ON aboro). Cf. AWA.
[This entry as first written gave the root-meaning as 'go away, depart',
translated * abaro as 'departer, one who goes forth', and defined Avri
as 'Elves who left Middle-earth' (see p. 344). An additional entry
seems to allow for both developments from the root-meaning: 'AB-
retreat, move back, refuse'.]
AD- entrance, gate, * adno: Q ando gate; N annon, pl. ennyn great
gate, Q andon (pl. andondi).
AIWE-. (small) bird. Q aiwe, N aew. Cf. Aiwenor 'Birdland' = lower
air. [For Awenor(e) see the Ambarkanta and diagrams, IV. 236 etc.]
AK-. narrow, confined. * akra: Q arka narrow; N agr, agor. Cf. N Ag-
lond, Aglon defile, pass between high walls, also as proper name; cf.
lond, lonn path [LOD]. Q aksa narrow path, ravine.
AKLA-R-. See KAL. Q alka ray of light; alkar or alkare radiance,
brilliance; alkarinqa radiant, glorious. N aglar glory, aglareb glorious.
ALAK-. rushing. * alako rush, rushing flight, wild wind: N alag
rushing, impetuous; alagos storm of wind. Cf. Anc-alagon dragon-
name [NAK]. Related to LAK(2).
(* alk-wa swan: Q alqa; T alpa; ON alpha; N alf; Ilk. alch; Dan.
ealc. Cf. Alqalonde Swan-road or Swan-haven, city of the Teleri
[LOD].)
ALAM-. elm-tree. Q alalme, also lalme; N lalf (lelf) or lalven, pl.
lelvin; Ilk. lalm, pl. lelmin; Dan. alm. The stem is perhaps LALAM,
q.v., but some hold it related to ALA since the elm was held blessed
and beloved by the Eldar. [The end of this entry, from 'but some hold
it', was an addition. Probably at the same time a stem AL- was added,
with derivatives alma 'good fortune', alya 'rich', etc.; but this entry
was struck out. The same derivative words are found under GALA.]
ALAT- large, great in size. Q alta (...J alat- as in Alataire = Belegoer
[AY].
AM(1)- mother. Q anil or amme mother-, Ilk. aman, pl. emuin. (N
uses a different word, naneth, hypocoristic [pet-name form] nana
[NAN]).
AM(2)- up: usually in form amba-. Q prefix am- up; amba adv.
up(wards); amban upward slope, hill-side; ambapenda, ampenda
uphill (adj.); see PEN. N am up; am-bend, amben uphill; amon hill,
pl. emuin, emyn; am-run uprising, sunrise, Orient = Q ambaron
(g.sg. ambaronen) or Ambarone.
ANA(1)- Cf. NA(1). to, towards. * anta- to present, give: Q anta- give;
anna gift; ante (f.), anto (m.) giver. Cf. Yav-anna [YAB]; Aryante
[AR(1)]. N anno to give; ant gift. [Added:] Q anta face.
ANA(2)- Cf. NA(2). be, exist. [Added:] anwa real, actual, true.
ANAD-, ANDA-. * anda long: Q anda; N and, ann. Cf. names
Andram long-wall [RAMBA], Andfang, Anfang Longbeard, one of
the tribes of Dwarves (pl. Enfeng) [SPANAG].
ANAK-. Cf. NAK bite. Q anca jaw; N anc; cf. Ancalagon [ALAK].
ANAR-. sun; derivative of NAR(1).* anar-: Q Anar sun; EN Anor.
ANGA-. iron. Q anga; N ang. Q angaina of iron; N angren, pl. engrin.
ANGWA- or ANGU-. snake. Q ango, pl. angwi; N am- in amlug
dragon: see LOK.
AP-. apsa cooked food, meat. N aes; Ilk. ass.
AR(1)-. day. * ari: Q are, pl. ari; N ar- only in names of week-days, as
Arvanwe [see LEP]. Cf. name Aryante Day-bringer [ANA'], N Eriant.
Q arin morning, arinya morning, early; arie daytime; ara dawn;
Arien the Sun-maiden. N aur day, morning; arad daytime, a day (= Q
arya twelve hours, day).
AR(2)-. Q ara outside, beside; also prefix ar- as in Arvalin (= outside
Valinor). In Q this is purely local in sense. So also in Ilkorin, cf. Argad
place 'outside the fence', or Argador (in Falathrin dialect Ariad,
Ariador) lands outside Doriath (in Ilkorin Eglador), especially
applied to West Beleriand, where there was a considerable dwelling of
Dark-elves. In N ar- developed a privative sense (as English without),
probably by blending with * al, which is only preserved in Alchoron =
Q Ilkorin [LA]. Thus arnediad without reckoning, = numberless
[NOT]. In this sense Q uses ava-, as avanote (see AWA). Hence Q ar
and.
AS-AT-. Q asto dust; N ast.
ATA-. father. PQ * atu, * atar: Q atar, pl. atari; hypocoristic atto. N
adar, pl. edeir, eder; ada. Cf. Iluv-atar. Ilk. adar, pl. edrin; adda.
AT(AT)- again, back. Q ata again, ata-, at- back, again, re-; N ad. Cf.
TAT, ATTA = two; Q atta two, N tad. N prefix ath- on both sides,
across, is probably related; athrad ford, crossing (see RAT). Ilk. adu,
ado double; cf. Adurant, a river in Ossiriand which for a distance has
divided streams. [Ilk. adu, ado 'double' and the explanation of
Adurant was an addition; this shows the conception of the island of
Tol-galen (see the commentary on QS $ 114). Other additions made
at different times to this entry were Q atwa double, and N eden new,
begun again.]
AWA- away, forth; out. Q ava outside; Avakuma [KUM] Exterior
Void beyond the World; au-, ava- privative prefixes = N ar (see
AR(2)), as avanote without number, numberless [NOT]. [Added:]
Avalona, cf. lona [LONO].
AY- * ai-lin- pool, lake: Q ailin (g.sg. ailinen); N oel, pl. oelin; cf.
Oelinuial Pools of Twilight [LIN(1); YU, KAL].
AYAR-, AIR- sea, only used of the inner seas of Middle-earth. Q
ear (earen) and aire (airen); N oear, oer. Cf. Earrame, a Q name =
Wings of the Sea, name of Tuor's ship. Belegoer 'great sea', name of
Western Ocean between Beleriand and Valinor, Q Alataire (see
ALAT).
AYAK- sharp, pointed. Q aika sharp, aikale a peak; N oeg sharp,
pointed, piercing, oegas (= Q aikasse) mountain peak. Cf. N Oeges
engrin Peaks of Iron, oeglir range of mountain peaks. ?Related is Q
aiqa steep, cf. Ilk. taig deep (blended with tara, see TA).
AYAN- See YAN. * ayan- holy: Q Ainu, f. Aini, holy one, angelic spirit;
aina holy; Ainulindale Music of the Ainur, Song of Creation,
B.
[On the distinctive manuscript of the B-entries see p. 343. The following
entries were added in pencil: BAD, BARAN, BARAT, BARATH, BEN, and at
the same time certain changes were made to existing entries. In this
section I give the original entries as they were written, and note the
alterations.]
BAD- * bad- judge. Cf. MBAD. Not in Q. N baud (bad-) judgement;
badhor, hadron judge. [Pencilled addition.]
BAL- * bala: Q Vala Power, God (pl. Valar or Vali = PQ * bal-i
formed direct from stem, cf. Valinor); there is no special f. form,
where necessary the cpd.Valatari 'Vala-queen' is used, f. of Valatar
(g.sg. Valataren) 'Vala-king', applied only to the nine chief Valar:
Manwe, Ulmo, Aule, Mandos, Lorien, Tulkas, Osse, Orome, and
Melko. The Valatari were Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Vana, Vaire,
Este, Nessa, Uinen. T Bala. ON Bala, and Balano m., Balane f.; EN
Balan m. and f., pl. Belein, Belen. In Ilk. torin 'kings' was used, or the
cpd. Balthor, Balthorin (* bal'tar-).
Q valya having (divine) authority or power; valaina of or belong-
ing to the Valar, divine; valasse divinity. Q Valinor, for * balf-ndore,
reformed after the simplex nore 'land', also in form Valinore, land of
the Gods in the West; ON Balandor (* bala-ndore), EN Balannor.
Cf. also ON Balthil one of the names of the White Tree of Valinor,
usually named in Q Silpion; EN Belthil, but this was usually applied
to the image of the divine tree made in Gondolin, the tree itself being
called Galathilion. Related is probably the name Balar of the large
island at Sirion's mouth, where the Ilkorins long dwelt who refused
to go West with Ulmo; from this is named Beleriand which they
colonized from the island in the dark ages. Balar is probably from
* balare, and so called because here Osse visited the waiting Teleri.
[The explanation of Balar, Beleriand given here is not necessarily at
variance with the story told in QS $35 that the Isle of Balar was 'the
eastern horn of the Lonely Isle, that broke asunder and remained
behind, when Ulmo removed that land again into the West'; but it can
scarcely be brought into accord with the story (QS $36) that 'the Teleri
dwelt long by the shores of the western sea, awaiting Ulmo's return',
and that Osse! nstructed the waiting Teleri 'sitting upon a rock nigh to
the margin of the sea.' Moreover, the 'colonization' of Beleriand from
Balar seems to take no account of Thingol, and those of his people 'that
went not because they tarried searching for Thingol in the woods'.
'and these multiplied and were yet scattered far and wide between
Eredlindon and the sea' (Lhammas $6). More must be meant than
simply that Elves from Balar removed to the mainland, for this
'colonization' from Balar is here made the very basis of the name
Beleriand.]
BAN- * bana: Q Vana name of the Vala, wife of Orome, and sister of
Varda and Yavanna; ON and T Bana; in ON also called Bana-wende,
whence EN Banwend, Banwen (see WEN). * banya: Q vanya beauti-
ful; EN bein. Cf. Q vanima fair; Vanimo, pl. Vanimor 'the beautiful',
children of the Valar; Uvanimo monster (creature of Melko); EN uan
(* ubano) monster; uanui monstrous, hideous.
BAR- Original significance probably 'raise'; cf. BARAD, MBAR. Hence
uplift, save, rescue(?). * barna: Q varna safe, protected, secure;
[struck out: varne protection;] varnasse security. * barya-: Q varya-
to protect; EN berio to protect. [The removal of varne 'protection'
was due to the emergence of BARAN 'brown' with the derivative Q
varne 'brown'.]
BARAD- [Added: is blended with BARATH, g-V.] * barada lofty,
sublime: [added: ON barada, EN baradh, steep;] Q Varda, chief of
the Valatari, spouse of Manwe; T Barada [> Baradis]. [Struck out:
ON Bradil, EN Bredil (* b'radil-).] * b'randa lofty, noble, fine: T
branda; ON branda, EN brand, brann (whence brannon lord,
brennil lady); cf. name Brandir (brand-dir: see DER).
BARAN- Q varne (varni-) brown, swart, dark brown. ON barane,
EN baran. Cf. river name Baranduin, Branduin. Dolbaran. [Pen-
cilled addition. On Dolbaran (probably a further addition) see
p. 345.]
BARAS- Stem only found in Noldorin: * barasa hot, burning: ON
barasa, baraha; EN bara fiery, also eager; frequent in masculine
names as Baragund, Barahir [KHER], etc. * b'ras-se heat: ON brasse,
white heat, EN brass: whence brassen white-hot.
BARAT- N barad tower, fortress. [Pencilled addition.]
BARATH- Probably related to BAR and BARAD. * Barathi spouse of
Manwe, Queen of Stars: ON Barathi(l); EN Berethil and El-bereth.
Q Varda, T Baradis show influence of barada lofty. [Pencilled
addition. The application of the name Elbereth to Varda seems to have
arisen in the hymn of the Elves to the Goddess in the original second
chapter (Three is Company) of The Lord of the Rings, written early in
1938 (where in rough workings for the song the name appears as
Elberil). Concomitant with this the Ilkorin names Elbereth (of dif-
ferent meaning) and Elboron were removed from the original entries
BER and BOR. These were the names of Dior's sons in AB r and 2
(annal 206/306), replaced in AB 2 (note 42) by Eldun and Elrun
(which were added also to Q $14); Elrun appears in the Etymologies in
an addition to stem RO.]
BAT- tread. * bata: ON bata beaten track, pathway; EN bad. * batta-
(with medial consonant lengthened in frequentative formation): ON
battho- trample, EN batho. ON tre-batie traverse, EN trevedi (pa.t.
trevant) [see TER]. Cf. Q vanta- to walk, vanta a walk.
BEL- strong. Cf. BAL(?). Stem not found in Q. T belle (physical)
strength, belda strong. Ilk. bel (* bele) strength, Beleg the Strong,
name of Ilkorin bowman of Doriath. * belek, * beleka, ON beleka
mighty, huge, great; EN beleg great (n.b. this word is distinct in form
from though related to Ilk. name Beleg); cf. EN Beleg-ol [GAWA] =
Q Aule; Belegoer Great Sea [Av], name of sea between Middle-earth
and the West; Belegost Great City [os], name of one of the chief
places of the Dwarves. T belka 'excessive' is possibly from ON; ON
belda strong, belle strength (EN belt strong in body, bellas bodily
strength) are possibly from T. Cf. name Belthronding of Beleg's yew-
bow: see STAR, DING.
BEN- corner (from inside), angle. N bennas angle [NAS]. [Pencilled
addition.]
BER- valiant. * berya-: Q verya- to dare; verya bold; verie boldness.
ON berina bold, brave; bertha- to be bold; EN beren bold, bertho
dare; cf. proper name Beren. Ilk. ber valiant man, warrior (*bero);
bereth valor; [struck out: cf. Ilk, name El-bereth.] Danian beorn man;
this is probably blended with * besno: see BES. [On the removal of El-
bereth see BARATH.]
BEREK- * bereka: Q verka wild; EN bregol violent, sudden, cf.
proper name Bregolas fierceness; breged violence, suddenness; breitho
(*b'rekta-) break out suddenly. Cf. Dagor Vregedur [UR] Battle of
Sudden Fire (EN bregedur wild-fire). [See MEREK.]
BERETH- T bredele beech-tree; Ilk. breth (*b'retha) beech-mast,
but the beech was called galbreth [CALAD] in Falasse, and neldor in
Doriath (see NEL). The beech-tree was probably originally called
*pheren, Q feren or ferne (pl. ferni), ON pheren; but in EN fer pl.
ferin was usually replaced by the Ilk. breth mast, whence EN brethil
beech-tree; cf. Brethiliand, -ian 'Forest of Brethil' [see PHER).
BES- wed. *besno husband: Q verno; ON benno, EN benn man,
replacing in ordinary use the old word dir (see DER); hervenn, herven
husband (see KHER). Ilk. benn husband; Danian beorn man, blended
with *ber(n)o: see BER.
*besse wife: Q vesse; ON besse, EN bess woman, replacing old
words di, dis (see NI(1), NDIS); herves wife (see KHER). In the f. the shift
of sense in ON was assisted probably by blending with *dess young
woman, ON dissa.
*besu dual, husband and wife, married pair: Q veru. Cf. Q
Arveruen third day (of the Valinorian week of 5 days) dedicated to
Aule and Yavanna [LEP].
*besta: Q vesta matrimony; vesta- to wed; vestale wedding.
BEW- follow, serve. *beuro follower, vassal: ON biuro, bioro, EN
bior, beor; cf. proper name Beor. *beuya- follow, serve: ON buiobe
to serve, follow, EN buio serve, hold allegiance to. T bum vassal, bua-
serve. [On the name Beor see the commentary on QS $ 128.]
BIRIT- Stem only found in Ilkorin. *b'ritte: Ilk. brith broken stones,
gravel. Cf. river name Brithon (whence is named Brithombar)
'pebbly'. Late Exilic brith gravel is from Ilkorin.
BOR- endure. Q voro ever, continually; prefix vor, voro- as in voro-
gandele 'harping on one tune', continual repetition; vorima continual,
repeated. "boron-: ON boron (pl. boroni) steadfast, trusty man,
faithful vassal; EN bor and pl. byr for older berein, beren; Ilk. boron,
pl. burnin. Cf. N names given to the 'Faithful Men': Bor, Borthandos,
Borlas, Boromir. Borthandos = Borth (see below) [but this element is
not further mentioned] + handos (see KHAN). Borlas = Bor + glass
joy (see GALAS). Boromir is an old N name of ancient origin also borne
by Gnomes: ON Boronmiro, Boromiro: see MIR. [Struck out: Cf.
also Ilk. boron in Dor. name El-boron.' On the removal of El-boron see
BARATH.]
BORON- extension of the above (originally a verbal form of the stem
seen in *boron- above). Q voronwa enduring, long-lasting; eoronwie
endurance, lasting quality; cf. name Voronwe = ON Bronwega, EN
Bronwe [WEG]. ON bronie last, endure, survive; EN bronio endure,
brono last, survive; bronadui enduring, lasting. *b'rona: ON bruna
that has long endured, old (only used of things, and implies that they
are old, but not changed or worn out); EN brun old, that has long
endured, or been established, or in use.
Brodda -. Name of a man in Hithlum. He was not one of the Elf-friend
races, and his name is therefore probably not EN or Ilkorin.
BUD- jut out. Cf. MBUD.
D.
[A very rough pencilled list was for most of its length overwritten in
ink, and nearly all these entries appear in a second, pencilled list, the
differences between the two being largely a matter of arrangement; see
p. 343.]
DAB- give way, make room, permit, allow. Q lav- yield, allow, grant.
N daf permission.
DAL- flat (variant or alteration of LAD). Q lara 'flat' may derive from
*dala or *lada. EN dalw flat; dalath flat surface, plane, plain [see
TIR], ON dalma (probably = dal + ma hand) palm of hand; EN dalf.
Ilk. dol flat, lowlying vale.
DAN- Element found in names of the Green-elves, who called them-
selves Danas (Q Nanar, N Danath), Cf. Dan, Denethor and other
names. See NDAN?
DAR- stay, wait, stop, remain. N deri, imperative daro! stop, halt;
dartha wait, stay, last, endure.
DARAK- *<d'rak: Q raka wolf; EN draug; Dor. drog.
DARAM- beat, hew. EN dramb, dram(m) a heavy stroke, a blow (e.g,
of axe); dravo to hew (pa.t. drammen, + dramp); drafn hewn log;
drambor clenched fist, hence blow with fist (see KWAR); gondrafn,
gondram hewn stone. [Cf. the name of Tuor's axe in the Lost Tales:
Drambor, Dramborleg; see II. 337.]
DAT-, DANT- fall down. EN dad down, cf. dadben downhill (see
PEN); dath (*datta) hole, pit, Q latta. Q lanta a fall, lanta- to fall; N
dant- to fall, dannen fallen. Cf. Atalante 'the Fallen', and lasselanta
'leaf-fall', Autumn [see TALAT].
DAY- shadow. Q leo (*daio) shade, shadow cast by any object, laime
shade; laira shady. EN dae shadow; cf. Daedelos = Shadow of Fear,
Dor., Ilk. dair shadow of trees; cf. names Dairon and Nan-dairon.
DEM- sad, gloomy. Ilk. dimb sad (cf. Dimbar); dim gloom, sadness
(*dimbe); dem sad, gloomy (*dimba).
DEN- hole; gap, passage. N din opening, gap, pass in mountains, as in
Din-Caradras, Din-Duhir, etc. [On the first list DEN was given the
meaning 'hillside, slope', whence Q nende slope, nenda sloping; N
dend, denn, sloping, daddenn downhill, amdenn uphill. This entry
was struck through and the material transformed and transferred
to PEN (whence dadbenn, ambenn). Cf. AM; the A-entries belong to
the second phase, later than the first form of the D-entries (see
PP 343-4).]
DER- Adult male, man (elf, mortal, or of other speaking race). Q ner,
pl. neri, with n partly due to NI, NIS woman, partly to strengthened
stem ndere bridegroom, ON daer [see NDER]. ON dir, EN + dir
surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL],
Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir doer, maker).
Owing to influence of dir (and of strengthened ndisi bride) N goes the
opposite way to Q and has di woman (see NDIS). In ordinary use EN
has benn (properly = husband) [see BES].
DIL- stop up, fill up hole, etc. EN dil stopper, stopping, stuffing, cf.
gasdil stopgap [GAS]; dilio to stop up. [The rather unlikely word gasdil
is mentioned because it was the name of a sign used to indicate that g
had disappeared; see p. 298, note on Gorgoroth.]
DING- Onomatopoeic, var. of TING, TANG, q.v. Ilk. ding, dang,
sound; cf. name Bel-thron(d)-ding [BEL, STAR].
DO3, DO- Q lo night, a night; lome Night, night-time, shades of
night. ON dogme, dougme, doume; EN daw night-time, gloom; du
(associated with NDU) nightfall, late evening - in EN night, dead of
night is fuin; Du(w)ath night-shade; dur dark, sombre; cf. Q lona
dark. Ilk. daum = N daw. Cf. N durion a Dark-elf = duredel. Q
lomelinde nightingale; N dulind, dulin(n). Cf. Del-du-thling [DYEL.,
SLIG.]
DOMO- Possibly related to the preceding (and certainly in some
derivatives blended with it); faint, dim. *domi- twilight in Q fell
together with do3me from DO3 in lome night. Ilk. dum twilight; Q
tindome starry twilight = Ilk. tindum = N tinnu (see TIN).
DORON- oak. Q norno; N doron (pl. deren); Dor., Ilk. dorn. Cf. Q
lindornea adj. having many oak-trees [LI].
DRING- Noldorin stem = beat, strike. EN dringo to beat. Cf. sword-
name Glamdring. [In The Hobbit, Glamdring is rendered 'Foe-
hammer', called by the Orcs 'Beater'.]
DUB- lie, lie heavy, loom, hang over oppressively (of clouds). Q
lumna lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous; lumna- to lie
heavy. N dofn gloomy.
DUI- Ilk. duin water, river; cf. Fsgalduin.C f.d uil r iver i nD uilmen.
DUL- hide, conceal. N doelio, delio, and doltha conceal, pa.t. $ daul,
p.p. dolen hidden, secret. Cf. Gondolind, -inn, -in 'heart of
hidden rock' [see in]. Related is *ndulna secret: Q nulla, nulda-,
N doll (dolt) obscure. Cf. name Terendul. [See NDUL, and for
Terendul see TER.]
DUN- dark (of colour). Dor. dunn black; Dan. dunna; N donn swart,
swarthy. Cf. Doriath place-name (Nan) Dungorthin = N Nan Don-
goroth, or Nann Orothvor Vale of Black Horror [see NGOROTH].
DYEL- feel fear and disgust; abhor. EN delos, deloth (probably < del
+ gos, goth) abhorrence, detestation, loathing, cf. Dor-deloth Loathly
Land; deleb horrible, abominable, loathsome; delw hateful, deadly,
fell; cf. Daedhelos Shadow of Abomination, Deldu(w)ath Deadly
Nightshade, a name of Taur-na-Fuin, Delduthling, N name of Un-
goliante [DAY, DO3]. Q yelma loathing, yelwa loathsome, yelta- to
loathe.
E.
[The entries under E are particularly confused and difficult. A small
number of original and clear entries were mostly struck through and the
pages covered with faint pencilled notes often hard to interpret.]
EK-, EKTE- spear. Q ehte spear, ehtar spearman. N aith spear-
point, eg thorn, cf. Egthelion, Ecthelion [STELEG]. [This original
entry was retained, with change of EKTE to EKTI, Q ehtar to ehtyar,
and the following additions:) [N] ech spear, Q ekko. Cf. Eg-nor.
EL- star. Q poetical el star (elen). Dor. el; N only in names, as Elwing.
[This original entry received many changes:] EL- star, starry sky. Q
poetical elen (ellen or elena) star. Dor el; N only in names, as Elwing,
Elbereth. Cf. Fled-Starfolk, that is E1ves. Elrond = starry-dome, sky
[ROD]. [Added in margin:] Q Elerina star-crowned = Taniquetil;
Elentari Star Queen = Varda; N Elbereth = Varda. [On Elbereth see
note to BARATH; on Elerina and Elentari see p. 200.]
ELED- go, depart, leave. Q Elda 'departed' Elf; N eledh. Q lesta- to
leave, pa.t. lende. [This original entry was replaced by the following,
written as carefully and clearly as the first:] ELED- 'Star-folk', Elf
Q Elda (Eldamar or Elende = Elvenhome, Eldalie, Eldarin); N
Eledh, pl. Elidh, cf. Eledhrim, Eledhwen [Elf-fair >] Elf-maid,
Elennor (Eledandore > Eledndor). Dor. Eld, pl. Eldin. Dan. Elda.
[The Dor. and Dan. forms were subsequently struck through and the
following added:] In Dor. and Dan. transposed > edel- whence Dor.
Egla, Eglath (cf. Eglamar, Eglorest); Dan. Edel. Eglador = Doriath
in Doriathrin; Ariador = lands outside of Eglador. Cf. Eglor (Elf-
river), Ilkorin name of a river in W. Beleriand. [On the earlier and
later entries ELED see p. 344. Further faint pencillings show my
father doubtful of the derivation of Eldar from a base meaning 'star',
and suggesting that, although the name was so interpreted, it wag
probably in fact altered from edela eldest - edel, edil being found
also in Noldorin. A base EDE-, EDEL- 'precede, come forward' is
proposed, with derivative edela (= eleda) 'firstborn', but this is struck
out.]
EN- element or prefix = over there, yonder. Q en there, look! yonder.
Adj. enta that yonder. Entar, Entarda (Enta + harda [3AR])
Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East.
ENED- centre. Q endya, enya middle; ende middle, centre. N enedh.
[To this original entry was added:] Endamar Middle-earth. Endor
centre of the world. [See NED.]
ENEK- six. Q enqe; N eneg.
ERE- be alone, deprived. Q er one, alone; erya single, sole; eresse
solitude; eressea lonely. N ereb isolated (* ereqa); eriol alone, single.
Cf. Tol-eressea, Amon Ereb. Q erume desert, cf. Eruman desert N.E.
of Valinor; N eru waste, desert.
ERED- * erede seed: Q erde seed, germ; N eredh; Ilk erdh. [See
RED.]
EREK- thorn. Q erka prickle, spine; erka- to prick; erkasse holly. N
ercho to prick; erch a prickle; ereg (and eregdos [TUS]) holly-tree, pl.
erig. Cf. Taur-nan-Erig or Eregion = Dor. Forest of Region: Dor.
regorn holly-tree (pl. regin, g.pl. region) [see OR-NI]. [Further
addition:] Regornion = Hollin.
ES- indicate, name. Q esta to name, esse a name.
ESE-, ESET- precede. Q esta first; esse beginning; essea [? primary];
Estanesse the Firstborn. [Neither of these two entries were rejected,
though they are certainly mutually exclusive, but the second was
marked with a query.]
ESEK- Ilk. esg sedge, esgar reed-bed. Cf. Esgaroth Reedlake, because
of reed-banks in west.
ET- forth, out. Q prefix et-, N ed-. Cf. ehtele under KEL. [To this
original entry was added:] etsiri: Q etsir mouth of a river, N ethir
[SIR]. ette outside; ettele outer lands; ettelen [?foreign].
ETER- Cf. et out. open (come out, of flowers, sun, etc.). edro! open!
EY- everlasting. Q aira eternal, aire eternity-, ia (*eya) ever. Cf.
lolosse ever-snow, N Uiloss (*Eigolosse). N uir eternity, uireb eternal.
[This original entry was struck out, the material reappearing under
GEY. Iolosse was probably the form underlying the early emendation
to Oiolosse in QS $ 13. Oiolosse arose with the further transformation of
this base to OY, q.v.]
EZDE- 'rest', name of the wife of Lorien. Q Este; ON Ezde, Eide,
Ide; N Idh. See SED.
EZGE- rustle, noise of leaves. Q eske; Ilk. esg; cf. Esgalduin. [This,
which may be one of the original entries, was struck out. Cf. Esek, and
for Esgalduin see SKAL(1).]
G.
[The entries under G present much the same appearance as those under
E: an initial layer of a few clear entries in ink, and a mass of changes and
additions put in very roughly afterwards.]
GAL- shine; variant of KAL.
GALA- thrive (prosper, be in health - be glad). Q 'al in the following
forms which are not confused with ala- 'not': alya prosperous, rich,
abundant, blessed; alma good fortune, weal, wealth; almie, almare
blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss; almarea blessed. Cf.
name Almariel. N galw; cf. names Galadhor, Galdor (later Gallor) -
though these may contain GALAD. N galas growth, plant; galo- to
grow. Possibly related are GALAD, GALAS. [Almariel is the name of a
girl in Numenor in The Lost Road, p. 59.]
GALAD- tree. Q alda; N galadh. Cf. Galadloriel (Galagloriel),
Galathilvion. [Galadloriel and Galathilion (not as here Galathilvion)
appear in very early emendations to QS $16. The form Galagloriel is
found in an early draft for the chapter A Knife in the Dark in The
Fellowship of the Ring. - This, one of the original entries, was not
struck out or altered (apart from Galathilvion > Galathilion), but a
new entry for the stem was made:] GALAD- tree. Q alda; N galadh.
Cf. names Galadhor, Galdor, etc. Q Aldaron name of Orome.
Aldalemnar, see LEP. Dor. gald, cf. galbreth beech [BERETH].
GALAS- joy, be glad. N glas joy; cf. names as Borlas. Q alasse joy,
merriment.
GAP- N gamp hook, claw; Q ampa hook.
GAR- hold, possess. N gar-. [An original entry, struck out; see
3AR. ]
GAS- yawn, gape. *gassa: N gas hole, gap; gasdil stopgap [DIL]; Q
assa hole, perforation, opening, mouth. [Cf. Ilmen-assa, the Chasm
of Ilmen, IV. 240. - This original entry was retained, but the
following addition made:] *gasa: ON gasa = Q kuma; EN gaw,
Belego the Void.
GAT- Q atsa catch, hook, claw; N gad-, gedi catch.
GAT(H)- N gath (*gatta) cavern; Doriath 'Land of the Cave' is
Noldorin name for Dor. Eglador = Land of the Elves. The Ilkorins
called [?themselves] Eglath = Eldar. Rest of Beleriand was called
Ariador 'land outside'. N gadr, gador prison, dungeon; gathrod cave.
Another name is Garthurian = Fenced Realm = N Ardholen (which
was also applied to Gondolin). [Added to this later:] Dor. gad fence;
argad 'outside the fence', the exterior, the outside. Cf. Argador,
Falathrin Ariador. [See AR(2), CLED, 3AR, LED.]
GAWA- or GOWO- think out, devise, contrive. Q auta invent,
originate, devise; aule invention, also as proper name of the god Aule,
also called Martan: N Gaul usually called Belegol (= great Aule) or
Barthan: see TAN, MBAR. N gaud device, contrivance, machine.
GAY- Q aira red, copper-coloured, ruddy; N gaer, goer.
GAYAS- fear. * gais-: Q aista to dread; ON gaia dread; N gae.
*gaisra: ON gaesra, gerrha; N gaer dreadful.
GENG-WA- Q engwa sickly. N gemb, gem; cf. ingem 'year-sick'
[YEN], suffering from old age (new word coined after meeting with
Men). N iaur ancient [YA], ifant 'year-full' [YEN, KWAT] did not
connote weakness. [Engwar 'the Sickly' is found in the list of Elvish
names for Men in QS $83.]
GEY- everlasting. Q ia ever (* geia); iale everlasting; ira eternal; ire
eternal [?read 'eternity']; Iolosse Everlasting Snow (*Geigolosse) =
Taniquetil. N Guilos, Amon Uilos (guir eternity, guireb eternity [read
'eternal']). N Guir is confounded with Gui = Q Vaiya (*waya)
[WAY]. [This note, replacing the rejected entry EY, was in its turn
struck out and replaced by OY.]
GIL- (cf. GAL., KAL.; SIL., THIL.; GUL., KUL.) shine (white or pale). *gilya:
N gil star (pl. giliath). [This original entry was retained, with the
addition to gil: 'pl. geil, collective pl. giliath', and the following
also added:] gael pale, glimmering; gilgalad starlight; Gilbrennil,
Gilthoniel = Varda. Q Ilma starlight (cf. Ilmare), N [?Gilwen] or
Gilith; Ilmen region above air where stars are. [On Ilma and Ilmen see
the commentary on QS $4.)
GIR- quiver, shudder. N giri shudder; girith shuddering, horror.
GLAM- N form of LAM, also influenced by NGAL(AM). N glamb,
glamm shouting, confused noise; Glamhoth = 'the barbaric host', Orcs
[KHOTH]. glambr, glamor echo; glamren echoing; cf. Eredlemrin =
Dor. Lominorthin. glavro to babble, glavrol babbling.
GLAW(-R)- Q laure gold (properly the light of the Tree Laurelin); N
glaur gold. The element glaur reduced in polysyllables to glor, lor
appears in many names, as Glorfindel, Glaurfindel, Galadloriel. [This
original entry was struck out and replaced by:] GLAWAR- N
alteration of LAWAR, g.V.
GLIN- sing. Q lin-; N glin-. Q linde song, air, tune; N glinn. Cf.
Laurelin. [Original entry, struck out. See LIN(2).]
GLINDI- pale blue. N glind, glinn; Q ilin. [Original entry, struck out.
Cf. the original meaning of Eredlindon, Blue Mountains, commentary
on QS $108, and see LIN(2).]
GLING- hang. Q linga; N gling. Cf. Glingal. [Original entry, struck
out and replaced by:] GLING- N alteration of LING 'hang', q.v.
GLIR- N form of LIR(1) sing. N glir song, poem, lay; glin to sing, recite
poem; glar long lay, narrative poem. Q laire poem, lirin I sing.
GOLOB- *golba branch: Q olwa; N golf. Cf. Gurtholf [> Gurutholf]
[NGUR]. [For the form Gurtholf (earlier Gurtholfin) see p. 406.]
GOLOS- Q olosse snow, fallen snow; N gloss snow. Cf. Uilos. N gloss
also adj. snow-white. [An original entry, this was retained with
alteration of Q olosse to + olos, + olosse and the note: 'poetical only:
confused with losse flower, see LOS which is perhaps originally con-
nected.' The stem in question in fact appears as LOT(H).]
GOND- stone. Q ondo stone (as a material); N gonn a great stone, or
rock. [This original entry was retained, but the base was changed to
GONOD-, GONDO-, and the following added:] Cf. Condolin (see DUL);
Gondobar (old Gondambar), Gonnobar = Stone of the World =
Gondolin. Another name of Gondolin Gondost [os], whence Gon-
dothrim, Gondothrimbar. [Cf. Gondothlim, Condothlimbar in the Lost
Tales (II. 342).]
GOR- violence, impetus, haste. Q orme haste, violence., wrath; orna
hasty. N gormh, gorf impetus, vigour; gorn impetuous. [Apart from
the removal of the form gormh this original entry was retained, with
these additions:] Cf. Celegorn [KYELEK]; and cf. Huor, Tuor: Khogore
[KHO-N], Tugore [TUG].
GOS-, GOTH- dread. Q osse terror, as name Osse. Cf. Mandos (see
MBAD). N has Oeros for Osse (*Goss). Cf. Taur-os [TAWAR]. N
gost dread, terror; gosta- fear exceedingly; cf. Gothrog = Dread
Demon [RUK]; Gothmog [MBAW]. Gostir 'dread glance', dragon-
name [THE].
GU- Prefix gu- no, not, as in Q u- not (with evil connotation);
Uvanimor [BAN].
GUL- glow, shine gold or red (cf. GIL); also yul- smoulder [YUL]. N
goll red (*gulda). [This original entry was struck out. See KUL.]
GWEN- (distinguish WEN(ED)). Q wenya green, yellow-green, fresh;
wen greenness, youth, freshness (blended with wende maid). N bein
fair, blended with BAN. Ilk. gwen greenness; gwene green; cf. Duilwen
[DUI].
GYEL- [< GEL-] Qyello [< ello] call, shout of triumph. N gell joy,
triumph; gellui triumphant; gellam jubilation. Cf. Diriel [DER].
Gelion merry singer, surname of Tinfang. [Tinfang Gelion occurs in
the Lay of Leithian: III. 174, 181 - 2.] Gelion shorter name of a great
river in E. Beleriand; a Gnome interpretation (this would have been
*Dilion in Ilkorin); cf. Ilk. gelion = bright, root GAL. [This rather
perplexing note seems certain in its reading.]
GYER. * gyerna old, worn, decrepit (of things): Q yerna old, worn,
yerya to wear (out), get old. N gern worn, old (of things).
3.
[The few entries under the initial back spirant 3 were struck out and
replaced more legibly.]
3AN- male. Q hanu a male (of Men or Elves), male animal; ON anu,
N anw; Dor. ganu. (The feminine is INI.)
3AR- Stems 3AR have, hold, and related GAR, GARAT, GARAD were
much blended in Eldarin. From 3AR Come: Q harya- possess; hanna
treasure, a treasured thing; harwe treasure, treasury; haryon (heir),
prince; haran (pl. harni) king, chieftain (see TA). N ardh realm
(but Q arda < GAR); aran king (pl. erain). Dor. garth realm, Gar-
thurian (Fenced Realm = Doriath), garon lord, may come from
3AR or GAR.
From GAR: Q arda realm - often in names as Elenarda 'Star-
kingdom', upper sky; armar pl. goods; aryon heir; arwa adj. (with
genitive) in control of, possessing, etc., and as semi-suffix -arwa, as
aldarwa, having trees, tree-grown. N garo- (gerin) I hold, have; garn
'own', property.
GARAT- Q arta fort, fortress. N garth: cf. Garth(th)oren
'Fenced Fort' = Gondolin - distinguish Ardh-thoren = Garthurian.
[This note is the final form of two earlier versions, in which the Qenya
words are all derived from 3AR. In one of these versions it is said that
N Arthurien is a Noldorinized form of Garthurian, Arthoren a trans-
lation; in the other that N Arthurien is 'a half-translation = N
Arthoren'; see THUR.]
3ARAM- Dor. garm wolf; N araf. [Struck out. Another version gave
also Q harma, Dan. garma.]
3EL- sky. Q helle, ON elle, sky. In Noldorin and Telerin this is
confused with EL star. Other derivatives: Q helwa, ON elwa (pale)
blue, N elw; cf. name of Elwe King of the Teleri [WEG]; and names
as Elulind, Elwing, Elrond. Q helyanwe 'sky-bridge', rainbow, ON
elyadme, N eilian(w) [YAT]. Dor. gell sky, gelu sky-blue. [A later
note directs that Elwe be transferred to EL star. Elrond, Elwing are
also given under EL.]
30- from, away, from among, out of. This element is found in the old
partitive in Q -on (3o + plural m). Q ho from; Ilk. go; N o from. In
Ilk. go was used for patronymics, as go-Thingol.
I.
[The single page of entries under I consists only of very rough notes.]
I- that (deictic particle) in Q is indeclinable article 'the'. N i- 'the',
plural in or i-.
intensive prefix where i is base vowel. ITHIL- Moon (THIL, SIL):
Q Isil; N Ithil; Dor. Istil. INDIS- = ndis bride; Indis name of the
goddess Nessa (see NDIS, NI). [Ithil occurs in The Lost Road (p. 41)
as the 'Beleriandic' name of the Moon - i.e. the name in a language
(Noldorin) perceived by Alboin Errol to be spoken in Beleriand.]
ID- *idi: heart, desire, wish. Q ire desire; irima lovely, desirable. Q
indo heart, mood; cf. Indlour, Inglor (Indo-klar or Indo-glaure). N
inn, ind inner thought, meaning, heart; idhren pondering, wise,
thoughtful; idher (*idre) thoughtfulness. Cf. Idhril; Turin(n)
[TUR], Hurin(n) [KHOR]. [The Q word irima occurs in the song in The
Lost Road (p. 72): Toi irimar; Irima ye Numenor; cf. also Irimor 'Fair
Ones', name of the Lindar in the Genealogies, p. 403. - For the
original etymology of Idril, Idhril see II. 343. ]
IL- all. Q ilya all, the whole. ILU- universe: Q ilu, iluve: cf. Iluvatar,
Ilurambar Walls of the World. Ilumire = Silmaril. ilqa everything.
ING- first, foremost. inga first. Element in Elfin and especially
Lindarin names. Cf. Ingwe prince of Elves. QL [i.e. Qenya-Lindarin]
form is always used (Ingwe): not ngw > mb [i.e. in Noldorin] because
the L form persisted and also the composition was felt ing + wege
[WEG]. Cf. Ingil. [Elfin at this date is a strange reversion to old
usage.]
INI- female. See NI: Qenya ni female, woman. Q hanwa male, inya
female; hanuvoite, inimeite. N inw after anw [see 3AN].
INK-, INIK-? Q intya- guess, suppose; intya guess, supposition, idea;
intyale imagination. N inc guess, idea, notion.
IS- Q ista- know (pa.t. sinte); ista knowledge; istima having know-
ledge, wise, learned, Istimor = Gnomes [cf. p. 403]. Q istya
knowledge; istyar scholar, learned man. N ist lore, knowledge; istui
learned; isto to have knowledge. Cf. Isfin (= Istfin) [PHIN].
K.
[The numerous entries under K are perhaps the most difficult in the
work. A first layer of etymologies written carefully and clearly in ink was
overlaid by a mass of rapid notes in pencil that are now in places
almost invisible.]
KAB- hollow. Q kambe hollow (of hand); N camb, cam hand, cf.
Camlost 'Emptyhand' [LUS] (= Dor. Mablost). Erchamui 'One-
handed'. [An earlier version of this entry gives also Cambant 'full
hand'; see KWAT.]
KAL- shine (general word). Variant forms AKLA-, KALAR-, AKLAR-.
Q kala light; kalma a light, lamp; kalya illuminate; kalina light
(adj.). In N the variant GAL appears: gail (*galya) bright light, glaw
radiance (*g'la, cf. Q kala < *k'la). But in longer forms KAL. also in N,
as aglar, aglareb, see AKLA-R. Also celeir brilliant (*kalarya); Q kallo
noble man, hero (*kalro), N callon (*kalrondo) hero; N poetical
claur splendour, glory- often in names in form -glor. gol light ("gala-)
in Thingol. [Parts of this original entry were rejected: the etymology of
Thingol (see THIN), and the idea that GAL was a Noldorin variant of
KAL. It is not clear at this stage how these bases were related.
The entry was covered with a maze of new forms, often rejected
as soon as written. The following can be discerned:] N calad light
(cf. Gilgalad); calen bright-coloured = green. Q kalta- shine;
Kalakilya; Kalaqendi, N Kalamor; Kalamando = Manwe [see
MBAD]. Ankale 'radiant one', Sun. yukale, yuale twilight, N uial
[YU].
KALPA- water-vessel. Q kalpa; N calf. Q kalpa- draw water, scoop
out, bale out. [Added entry.]
KAN- dare. Q kane valour; N caun, -gon (cf. Turgon, Fingon). Q
kanya bold. N cann (*kanda). Eldakan (name) = AElfnop. [Added
entry.]
KANAT- four. Q kanta-, kan-; N canad. [Added entry.]
KAP- leap. [Added:] N cabr, cabor frog.
KAR- make, do. Q kar (kard-) deed; N card, carth deed, feat. Cf.
KYAR cause. Q karo doer, actor, agent; ohtakaro warrior. [This stem
was very roughly rewritten thus:] KAR- make, build, construct. Q
kar (kard-) building, house; N car house, also card. Q karin, karne,
I make, build. Cf. KYAR- cause, do. Q tyaro doer, actor, agent;
ohtatyaro warrior. N caras a city (built above ground).
KARAK- sharp fang, spike, tooth. Q karakse jagged hedge of spikes;
cf. Helkarakse, N elcharaes [KHEL]. [This entry was retained, with
KARAK > KARAK and elcharaes > helcharaes, and the following faintly
visible additions made:] Q karka tooth, karkane row of teeth. N carag
spike, tooth of rock; carch tooth, fang (Carcharoth).
KARAN- red. Q karne (*karani) red; N caran. * k'ranna: N crann
ruddy (of face), cf. Cranthir [THE], [.as noun] like Old English
rudu, face, blush, the cheeks. [Added entry.]
KARKA- crow. Q karko; N carach. [This stem was changed thus:]
KORKA- crow. Q korko; N corch.
KAS- head. Q kar (has-); N caw top. [Added:] * kas-sa, * kas-ma: Q
cassa helmet.
KAT- shape. Q kanta shaped, and as quasi-suffix, as in lassekanta
leaf-shaped; kanta- to shape; N cant. [The meaning 'outline' was
attributed to cant, and the following added:] * katwa: ON katwe
shaped, formed, N cadw, -gadu. * katwara shapely: N cadwor,
cadwar. N echedi, pa.t. echant (*et-kat) fashion. [Cf. Im Narvi hain
echant above the Doors of Moria.]
KAY- lie down. Q kaima bed. N caew lair, resting-place; cael (Q
kaila) lying in bed, sickness; caeleb bedridden, sick: cf. Q kaimasse,
kaimassea.
KAYAN-, KAYAR- ten. Q kainen; N caer. [Added entry.]
KEL- go, run (especially of water). *et-kele spring, issue of water: Q
ehtele, N eithel (from metathesized [i.e. with transposed consonants]
form * ektele). Q kelume stream, flow; N celon river, Q kelma
channel. Cf. KYEL run out, come to an end; KWEL fade away. [These
changes were made: 'N celon river' > 'Ilk. celon river, and as proper
name, kelu+n'; 'N celw spring, source' added.]
KEM- soil, earth. Q ken (kemen). N coe earth (indeclinable), cef soil,
pl. ceif. Q kemina of earth, earthen; [N] cevn. Q kemnaro potter.
[Added entry.]
KEPER- knob, head, top [changed to 'ridge'. This entry consists of
disconnected jottings, all struck out, but concerned with N ceber pl.
cebir and Sern Gebir, of which the meaning seems to be 'lone stones'.]
KHAG- * khagda pile, mound; Q hahta; N haud mound, grave,
tomb (cf. Haud iNdengin). [Added entry.]
KHAL(1)- (small) fish. Q hala; cf. Qhalatir'fishwatcher', kingfisher, N
heledir. [Added entry. The same origin of halatir is found under TIR;
but here KHAL was changed to KHOL and the -a- of the Q forms to -o-,
before the entry was struck out with a reference to base SKAL - which (a
later addition to the S-stems) is clearly the later formulation.]
KHAL(2)- uplift. ON khalla noble, exalted (*khalna); orkhalla
superior. N hall exalted, high; orchel [e uncertain] superior, lofty,
eminent. [Added entry.]
KHAM- sit. Q ham- sit. [The other derivatives are too chaotic and
unclear to present.]
KHAN- understand, comprehend. Q hanya understand, know about,
be skilled in dealing with; hande knowledge, understanding; handa
understanding, intelligent; handele intellect; handasse intelligence.
EN henio understand; hann, hand intelligent; hannas understanding,
intelligence. Cf. Handir, Borthandos. [Added entry.]
KHAP- enfold. N hab- clothe; hamp garment; hamnia- clothe;
hammad clothing.
KHARAS- (cf. KARAK). * khrasse: precipice: N rhass (i-rass, older
i-chrass); Dan. hrassa. Cf. Gochressiel [< Gochrass] a sheer
mountain-wall. [Added entry. For Gochressiel see QS $147 and
commentary.]
KHAT- hurl. N hedi, pa.t. hennin, hant; hador or hadron thrower (of
spears or darts), cf. Hador; hadlath, haglath a sling (see LATH).
[Added entry.]
KHAW- (= KAY, q.v.) N haust bed. [This original entry was enlarged
thus:] KHAW. rest, lie at ease (=kay, q.v.) N haust bed (*khau-sta,
literally 'rest-ing'). In N associated with haud mound (see KHAG)
Cf. Q hauta- cease, take a rest, stop.
KHAYA- far, distant. Q haira adj. remote, far, [?also] ekkaira,
avahaira. haya adv. far off, far away. [Added entry.]
KHEL- freeze. Q helle frost; N hell. KHELEK- ice. N heleg ice, helch
bitter cold; Q helke ice, helk ice-cold. [The base KHEL and derivatives
were struck out, but KHELEK and derivatives retained.]
KHEN-D-E- eye. Q hen (hendi); N hent, pl. hinn >hent, hint, or
henn, hinn. [N forms changed to hen, hin.)
KHER- rule, govern, possess. Q heru master, heri lady; hera chief,
principal. ON khero master, khiril lady; N hir, hiril. N herth house-
hold, troop under a hir; cf. Bara-chir [BARAS]. Cf. N hervenn
husband, hervess wife [BES). Q heren fortune (= governance), and so
what is in store for one and what one has in store; herenya fortunate,
wealthy, blessed, rich; cf. Herendil = Eadwine. [Added entry.
'Herendil = Eadwine' derives from The Lost Road: Herendil is
Audoin/Eadwine/Edwin in Numenor, son of Elendil. On the meaning
of Old English ead see ibid. p. 46, and cf. IV. 212.]
KHIL- follow. Q hilya- to follow; hildi followers = mortal men (cf.
Hildorien), also -hildi as suffix. In N fir was used [PHIR]. Cf. Tarkil
(*tara-khil). [Added entry. Cf. Romenildi in QS $151.]
KHIM- stick, cleave, adhere. Q himya- to stick to, cleave to, abide by;
himba adhering, sticking. N him steadfast, abiding, and as adv.
continually. Cf. N hiw sticky, viscous (*khima); hoew custom, habit
(*khaime) = Q haime habit. [Added entry.]
KHIS-, KHITH- mist, fog. *khithi: Q hise; N hith, cf. Hithlum
[LUM]. *khithme: Q hiswe; N hithw fog. *khithwa: Q hiswa grey; N
hethw foggy, obscure, vague; Dor. hedu. Cf. Hithliniath or Eilinuial
= Dor. Umboth Muilin. [Added entry. For Hithliniath 'pools of mist'
(LIN') see QS $111.]
KHO-N- heart (physical). Q hon; N hun. Cf. Hundor. Kho-gore, Q
Huore, N Huor 'heart-vigour', courage [GOR]. [Added entry.]
KHOP- Q hopa haven, harbour, small landlocked bay; hopasse
harbourage. N hub; hobas, cf. Alfobas or hobas in Elf = Alqalonde
capital of the Teleri. [Added entry; see KOP.]
KHOR- set going, put in motion, urge on, etc. Q horta- send flying,
speed, urge, hortale speeding, urging; horme urgency (confused with
orme rushing [GOR]); hore impulse, horea impulsion. N hur readi-
ness for action, vigour, fiery spirit; hortha- urge on, speed; horn driven
under compulsion, impelled; hoeno, heno begin suddenly and
vigorously. Cf. Hur-ind, Hurin [ID]. [Added entry.l
KHOTH- gather. *khotse assembly: N both host, crowd, frequent in
people - names as Glamhoth. Cf. host gross (144). Q hosta large
number, hosta- to collect. N hud assembly.
KHUGAN- Qhuan(hunen) hound; N huan. [This entry was changed
to read thus:] KHUG- bark, bay. *khugan: Q huan (hunen) hound;
N Huan (dog-name); Q huo dog; N hu.
KHYAR- left hand. Q hyarmen south, hyarmenya southern; hyarya
left, hyarmaite lefthanded [MA3]. N heir left (hand), hargam left-
handed [KAB]; harad south, haradren, harn southern. [Added
entry. The -y- in the base-stem was a further addition, and at the same
time the Q forms were changed from har- to hyar-; see p. 345.]
KHYEL(ES)- glass. Q hyelle (*khyelese); ON khelesa, khelelia; N
hele, cf. Helevorn 'black-glass' [MOR], lake-name. Cf. KHELEK. [Added
entry. Helevorn is written over an erasure in QS $ 118.]
KIL- divide (also SKIL). Q kilya cleft, pass between hills, gorge. [The
base SKIL is not found in the Etymologies. To this entry was added:]
N cil. Cf. Kalakilya 'Pass of Light', in which Kor was built. N
Cilgalad; Cilthoron or Cilthorondor.
KIR- Q kirya ship; N ceir. [Added:] cirdan shipbuilder [TAN].
KIRIK- Q kirka sickle; N cerch. Q Valakirka, N Cerch iMbelain
[BAL], Sickle of the Gods = Great Bear. N critho reap (*k'rikta).
KIRIS- cut. Q kirisse slash, gash; N criss cleft, cut. [Added:]
Cristhoron - g.sg. of thor eagle. N crist a cleaver, sword. Cf. RIS.
KOP- Q kopa harbour, bay. [This entry was struck out; see KHOP.]
KOR- round. *korna: Q korna round, globed; koron (kornen) globe,
ball; koromindo cupola, dome. Kor round hill upon which Tuna (Tun)
was built. N corn, coron, Cor (koro). [Cor > Caur, and the following
added:] [Q] korin circular enclosure [cf. I. 257]; N cerin. N rhin-gorn
circle [RIN]. Cf. Ilk. basgorn [sc. bast-gorn 'round bread', loaf: MBAS].
KOT- strive, quarrel. *okta strife: Qohta war. N auth war, battle; cost
quarrel (kot-t-), Q kosta- quarrel. [The base was changed to KOTH,
and the following added:] Q kotumo enemy, kotya hostile. [N] coth
enmity, enemy; cf. Morgoth - but this may also contain GOTH. [See
OKTA.]
KRAB- press. N cramb, cram cake of compressed flour or meal (often
containing honey and milk) used on long journey. [Added entry.]
KU- * kukuwa dove; Q Au, kua, ON Au, kua, (= kuua); N cugu.
[Added entry. The base-stem is not given but is taken from a later
etymological note.]
KUB- Q kumbe mound, heap; N cumb, cum. [Added entry.]
KU3- bow. > kuw: Q ku bow; N cu arch, crescent; curan the
crescent moon, see RAN. [Added:] * ku3na: N cun bowed, bow-
shaped, bent; but Ilk. *kogna >coun, caun, Dan. cogn.
KUL- gold (metal). Q kulu, N col; Q kuluinn of gold. KULU- gold
(substance). Q kulo. [This entry was struck out and the following
roughly substituted:] KUL- golden-red. Q + hullo red gold; kulda,
kulina flame-coloured, golden-red; kuluina orange; kuluma an
orange; N coll red (*kulda).
KUM- void. Q kuma the Void; kumna empty; N cun empty. [The Q
forms were retained, but the Noldorin altered to read:] ON kuma, N
cofn, caun empty, void, but in EN [the Void was] called Gast,
Belegast [cf. GAS].
KUNDU- prince. Q kundu; N cunn, especially in names as Felagund,
Baragund. [Added entry.]
KUR- craft. Q kunrwe craft. N curw, curu; curunir wizard; cf. Curufin
[PHIN]. Cf. N crum wile, guile; conc cunning, wily. [Added entry.
N crum was rejected; see KURUM.]
KURUM- N crum the left hand; crom left; crumui left-handed
(*krumbe, -a). [Added entry. Cf. KHYAR.]
KUY- come to life, awake. Q kuile life, being alive; kuina alive; kuive
(noun) awakening; kuivea (adj.) wakening; kuivie = kuive, cf.
Kuivienen. N cuil life; cuin alive; echui(w) awakening (*et-kuiwe),
hence Nen-Echui = Q Kuivienen. [The following additions were
made:] N cuino to be alive; Dor Firn i guinar Land of the Dead that
Live.
KWAL- die in pain. Q qalme agony, death; qalin dead; unqale agony,
death. [Added entry. See WAN.]
KWAM- Q qame sickness; N paw; Ilk. com. [Added entry.]
KWAR- clutching hand, fist. Q qar hand (qari); N paur fist. [This
stem was not struck out, but a second form of it was put in elsewhere in
the list:] KWAR- Q gare fist; ON pore; N paur, -bor, cf.
Celebrimbor Silver-fist.
KWAT- Q qanta full; ON panta; N pant full, cf. Cambant [KAB];
pathred fullness; pannod or pathro fill. [Added entry.]
KWEL- fade, wither. Cf. Narqelion fire-fading, autumn, N lhasbelin
[LAS(1)]. *kwelett- corpse: Q qelet, qeletsi.
KWEN(ED)- Elf. *kwenede: Q qende Elf; N penedh, pl. penidh;
Dan. cwenda. Q Qendelie, N Penedhrim. The word Eledh is usually
employed. [Added entry.]
KWES- * kwesse: Q qesse feather; Ilk. cwess down; N pesseg pillow
(Q qesset). [Added entry.]
KWET- (and PET-) say. * kwetta: N peth word. * kwenta tale: N
pent, Q qenta; N pennas history. * kwentro narrator: Q qentaro; N
pethron; Dor. cwindor. [Added:] Q qetil tongue, language; qentale
account, history; lumeqentale history [LU]. N gobennas history,
gobennathren historical. Q avaqet- refuse, forbid [AWA]. [For go-
prefix see wo.]
KWIG- Cf. KU3 * kwinga: Q qinga bow (for shooting); N peng.
[Added entry.]
KYAB- taste. Q tyavin I taste.
KYAR- cause (cf. KAR). Q tyar- cause.
KYEL- come to an end. Q tyel- end, cease; tyel (tyelde) end; tyelima
final. Cf. TELES. [Added entry.]
KYELEK- swift, agile. Q tyelka; N celeg, cf. Celegorn [GOR].
KYELEP- and TELEP- silver. N celeb silver; Q telpe and tyelpe
silver; telepsa of silver = telpina, N celebren. Cf. Irilde Taltelepsa =
Idhril Gelebrendal. [celebren, Gelebrendal early changed from
celebrin, Celebrindal. The entry was rewritten thus:] KYELEP- (and
TELEP?) silver. ON kelepe, N celeb, silver; Q telpe and tyelpe silver;
telemna, N celefn, celevon = telpina, N celebren. Cf. Irilde Tal-
telemna = Idhril Gelebrendal. T telpe; Ilk. telf. Q telpe may be
Telerin form (Teleri specially fond of silver, as Lindar of gold), in
which case all forms may refer to KYELEP. [For Idril (Idhril) see ID,
and cf. Irilde Taltelepta in the Lost Tales, II. 216.]
L.
[The L-stems consist of lightly pencilled entries, in themselves hard to
read, but not much changed subsequently,]
LA- no, not. Q la and lala, also lau, laume (= la ume [UGU]), no, no
indeed not, on the contrary; also used for asking incredulous ques-
tions. As prefix la- > [vocalic] I > Q il, N al, as in Ilkorin, N Alchoron,
pl. Elcheryn. Q lala- to deny. [See AR(2).]
LAB- lick. Q lamba tongue, N lham(b). Q lavin I lick, also lapsa to
lick (frequentative). N lhefi (lhaf).
LAD- Cf. DAL, LAT. Q landa wide, N lhand, lhann. N camland palm
of hand. Cf. Lhothland, Lhothlann (empty and wide), name of a
region [LUS].
LAG- Q lango broad sword; also prow of a ship. N lhang cutlass,
sword.
LAIK- keen, sharp, acute. Q laike, N lhaeg. Q laike acuteness,
keenness of perception. Ilk. laig keen, sharp, fresh, lively (blended
with laikwa [see LAYAK]).
LAK(1)- swallow; cf. LANK. Q lanko throat.
LAK(2)- swift (cf. ALAK). * lakra: Q larka swift, rapid, also alarka; N
lhagr, lhegin.
LALAM- elm-tree. Q alalme; N lhalwen (lehwin), lhalorn; D lalm.
[See ALAM.]
LAM- Q lamya to sound; lama ringing sound, echo; lamma a sound;
lamina echoing; nallama echo. Dor. lom echo, lomen echoing. Thus
Dor. Lomendor, Lominorthin, Noldorinized > Dorlomen, Ered
Lomin; pure N Eredlemrin, Dorlamren. See GLAM.
LAN- weave. Q lanya weave; lanwa loom; lanat weft; lanne tissue,
cloth.
LANK- Q lanko throat; N Ihanc. [This stem was first written LANG,
with derivatives Q lango (*langwi), N lhang. See LAK(1).]
LAP- Q lapse babe; N lhaes,
LAS(1)- *lasse leaf: Q lasse, N lhass; Q lasselanta leaf-fall, autumn, N
lhasbelin (*lassekwelene), cf. Q Narqelion [KWEL]. Lhasgalen
Greenleaf, Gnome name of Laurelin. (Some think this is related to the
next and * lasse 'ear' . The Quendian ears were more pointed and leaf.
shaped than [?human].)
LAS(2)- listen. N lhaw ears (of one person), old dual *lasu - whence
singular lhewig. Q lar, lasta- listen; lasta listening, hearing -
Lastalaika 'sharp-ears', a name, cf. N Lhathleg. N lhathron hearer,
listener, eavesdropper (< * la(n)sro-ndo)., lhathro or lhathrado listen
in, eavesdrop.
LAT- lie open. Q latin(a) open, free, cleared (of land); cf. Tumbo-
latsin. Cf. Tumladen plain of Gondolin. N lhaden, pl. lhedin open,
cleared; lhand open space, level; lhant clearing in forest. [Cf. LAD.]
LATH- string, thong. Q latta strap; N lhath thong of [?leather]; cf.
hadlath, haglath sling (KHAT).
LAW- warm. *lauka warm: Q lauka, N lhaug.
LAWAR-, N GLAWAR- *laure (light of the golden Tree Laurelin)
gold - the metal was properly smalta, see SMAL; Q laure, N glaur,
Dor. Oss. laur. Hence N glor-, lor- in names, as Glorfindel [SPIN],
Inglor [ID]. Cf. Laurelin, N Galad-loriel; Rathloriel [RAT]. N glawar
sunlight, radiance of Laurelin; + Glewellin. [See GLAW(-R). Cf.
QS $16: 'Glewellin (which is the same as Laurelin song of gold)'.]
LAYAK- *laik-wa: Q laiqa green; N lhoeb fresh - 'green' only in Q
Laiqendi Green-elves, N Lhoebenidh or Lhoebelidh. Ilk. laig is
blended with laika [LAIK].
LEB-, LEM- stay, stick, adhere, remain, tarry. Q lemba (*lebna) left
behind, pl. Lembi Elves remaining behind = Telerin Ilkorins; N
lhevon, lhifnir. [See p. 344.]
LED- go, fare, travel. Cf. Q lende went, departed (linna go). ON
lende fared; etledie go abroad, go into exile; N egledhi or eglehio go
into exile, egledhron exile (ON etledro), eglenn exiled (ON etlenna).
In N egledhron was often taken as the meaning of Ilk. Eglath = Eldar
= Ilkorins [see dr.ED, GAT(H)).
LEK- loose, let loose, release. N lhein, lhain free(d); lheitho to release,
set free; lheithian release, freeing. Q leuka, lehta loose, slacken. Ilk.
legol nimble, active, running free; cf. Legolin, a river-name. [A note
on a slip accompanying these etymologies gives: 'Leth- set free (cf.
LED); EN leithia to release, leithian release; cf. Lay of Leithian.' I
have referred to this note in III. 154, at which time I overlooked the
present entry.]
LEP-, LEPET finger. Q lepse; N lhebed.
Cf. LEP- (LEPEN, LEPEK) five. Q lempe; N lheben. Q lemnar
week. The Valian week had five days, dedicated (1) to Manwe:
(Ar)Manwen; (2) to Ulmo: (Ar) Ulmon; (3) to Aule and Yavanna:
(Ar)Veruen, i.e. of the Spouses [BES]; (4) to Mandos and Lorien:
(Ar)Fanturion [SPAN]; (5) to the three younger Gods, Osse, Orome,
Tulkas, called Nessaron or Neldion [NETH, NEL]. The 73 weeks
were divided into 12 months of 6 weeks. In the middle of the Year
there was a separate week, Midyear week or week of the Trees, Endien
[YEN] or Aldalemnar, N Enedhim, Galadlevnar.
N names: Ar Vanwe; Ar Uiar (Ulmo) [WAY]; Ar Vedhwen (Bedu
+ ina), or Ar Velegol (Aule [see GAWA]); Ar Fennuir; Ar Nethwelein
= of the young Gods, or Ar Neleduir of the three kings.
[The dual form 'husband and wife' is given as besu in the entry
BES 'wed', not as here bedu; similarly under KHER, NDIS and NI
reference is made in the original to BED, not BES. There is however
no suggestion of any alteration in the entry BES itself. - For the
element Ar see AR(1). In the Quenya names of the days Ae is written
above Ar, but Ar is not struck out. - For the 'young Gods' see
p. 120.]
LI- many. Q lie people; -li pl. suffix, lin- prefix=many, aslintyulussea
having many poplars [TYUL], lindornea having many oaks
[DORON]. In N the ending -lin 'many' has been blended with rhim >
lim, rim.
LIB(1)- drip. Q limba a drop., cf. helkelimbe [KHELEK].
LIB(2)- *laibe: Q laive ointment. N shows GLIB-: glaew salve. *libda:
Q lipsa; N [lhud >] glud soap.
LILT- dance. Q lilta- dance.
LIN(1)- pool. Q linya pool-, N lhin., Ilk. line. Cf. Ailin [Av], Taiglin.
LIN(2)- (originally GLIN) sing. Q linde air, tune; N lhind, lhinn. Q
lindo singer, singing bird: cf. tuilindo swallow, N tuilinn [TUY], Q
lomelinde nightingale, N dulinn. Q lindele music. Cf. Laurelin (g.sg.
Laurelinden), but this also taken as 'hanging-gold' (g.sg. Laure-
lingen): see LING. Lindon, Lhinnon Ilk. name of Ossiriand: 'musical
land' (*Lindan-d), because of water and birds; hence Eredlindon, =
Mountains of Lindon.
[tuilindo ('spring-singer'): cf. I. 269. On the origin of Lindon,
Eredlindon see commentary on QS $ 108. - See GLIN.]
LIND- fair (especially of voice); in Q blended with slinda (see SLIN).
Q linda fair, beautiful, cf. Lindar; N lhend tuneful, sweet; Ilk. lind.
LING-, N GLING- hang. Q linga- hang, dangle; N gling. Cf. Glingal
[and see LIN(2)].
LINKWI- Q linqe wet. N lhimp; lhimmid moisten (pa.t. lhimmint).
LIP- Q limpe (wine), drink of the Valar. [The first appearance of limpe
since the Lost Tales, where it was the drink of the Elves; for the old
etymology see I. 258.]
LIR(1)- sing, trill; in N g-lir- [see GLIR]. Q lirin I chant.
LIR(2)- ON lire row, range, N lhir row. Cf. oeglir range of mountain
peaks.
LIS- honey. Q lis (lissen); N gli, g-lisi. Cf. megli (meglin adj.) bear
(*mad-li honey-eater [MAT], kenning for brog, see MOROK). Cf.
Meglivorn = Blackbear.
LIT- Q litse sand., ON litse > litthe, N lith -, cf. Fauglith [PHAU].
LIW- *linwi fish: Q lingwe; N lhimb, lhim; Dor. liw.
LOD. * londe narrow path, strait, pass: N lhonn (cf. Aglon) ., cf. N
othlond, othlon paved way (ost city + lond). Q londe road (in sea),
entrance to harbour, cf. Alqalonde.
LOK- great serpent, dragon. Q loke (-i) dragon; anguloke dragon
[ANGWA], ramaloke winged dragon [RAM], uruloke fire-dragon [UR],
fealoke spark-dragon [PHAY], lingwiloke fish-dragon, sea-serpent
[LIW]. Cf. N lhug, amlug, lhimlug.
LOKH- Q lokse hair; N lhaws, lhoch (*lokko) ringlet.
LONO- lona island, remote land difficult to reach. Cf. Avalona
[AWA] = Tol Eressea = the outer isle. [Added to this is A-val-lon.
Avallon first appears in the second version of The Fall of Numenor ($1)
as a name of Tol Eressea with the explanation that 'it is hard by
Valinor'.]
LOS- sleep. Q olor dream, cf. Lorien = N Lhuien. Q lore slumber,
lorna asleep. N ol dream, oltha [to dream]. [See OLOS.]
LOT(H) flower. Q lote (large single) flower; losse blossom (usually,
owing to association with olosse snow, only used of white blossom [see
GOLOS]). N lhoth flower; gwaloth blossom, collection of flowers [wo].
Cf. Wingelot, Wingelote Foamflower, N Gwingeloth [WIG]; Nimloth
[NIK-W] = Galathilion.
LU- Q lume time (cf. lumeqenta history, chronological account,
lumeqentale history, lumeqentalea historical); lu a time, occasion. N
lhu. [See KWET.]
LUG(1)- *lunga heavy: Q lunga; N lhong; Dor. lung; cf. Dor. Mablung
[MAP].
LUG(2)- * lugni blue: Q lune; N lhun (Dor. luin pale, Dan. lygn).
Cf. Lunoronti Blue Mountains, N Eredluin (also Lhunorodrim,
Lhundirien Blue Towers) = Eredlindon Mountains of Lindon (=
Ossiriand). [For an occurrence of Lunoronti see p. 32. Luindirien Blue
Towers occurs in a footnote added to QS $108 (commentary).]
LUK- magic, enchantment. N lhuth spell, charm; Ihutha to enchant;
Lhuthien enchantress (Dor. Luithien). Q luke enchantment; luhta
enchant. [The etymology of Luthien changed to read thus:] Doriath
luth, whence Luthien (Noldorized as Lhuthien): *luktiene.
LUM- Q lumbe gloom, shadow; Hisilumbe, N Hithlum [mrs]. In Q
the form is usually Hisilome by attraction of lome night [DO3]. N
lhum shade, lhumren shady.
LUS- N 1host empty, cf. [Mablothren >] Camlost [KAB], Lothlann
[LAD]. Q lusta void, empty.
LUT- float, swim. Q lunte boat; N lhunt. N lhoda float.
M.
[The M-entries are faint and difficult to interpret, and some are very
confused. My father made a beginning on a new list, writing the
etymologies out afresh and clearly, but this petered out after he had
treated the stems in MA- and a few others (MBAD, MBER, MEL).]
MAD- Q marya pale, fallow, fawn. N meid, maid, hence Maidhros
(anglicized Maidros) = pale-glitter [Rus].
MA3- hand. PQ *ma3 (ma3-) hand: Q ma; ON mo (pl. mai)
usually replaced by kamba (N camm): see KAB. Hence * ma3iti
handy, skilled, Q maite (pl. maisi); ON maite, N moed. * ma3-ta to
handle: Eld. * mahta-: Q mahta-, ON mattho-be, N matho stroke,
feel, handle; wield (confused with *makta, see MAK).
Related is MAG- use, handle, in * magra useful, fit, good (of
things): Q mara, N maer, * magna skilled: ON magna, N maen
skilled, clever, maenas craft, handicraft, art. [In the original form of
this entry the name Maidros (see MAD) was placed under MAG:
Maedhros < Maenros.]
MAK- sword, or as verb-stem: fight (with sword), cleave. * makla: Q
makil sword; N magl, magol. * makta: Q mahta- wield a weapon
(blended with ma3-ta, see MA3), fight: hence mahtar warrior = N
maethor. N maeth battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a
few), maetha to fight. Cf. Magladur [cf. DO3?] or Magladhonn
= Black-sword (as name). Q Makalaure = Gold-cleaver, name of
fifth son of Feanor, N Maglor.
[In the original form of this entry the N forms of the noun 'sword'
were megil, magol, and the name 'Black-sword' was Megildur (>
Magladhur, Maglavorn). If these forms were to replace Mormakil,
Mormegil etc. as Turin's name in Nargothrond they never appear in
the texts.]
MAN- holy spirit (one who has not been born or who has passed
through death). Q manu departed spirit; N man. Cf. Q Manwe (also
borrowed and used in N [see WEG]).
MANAD- doom, final end, fate, fortune (usually = final bliss). Q
manar, mande. N manad. Cf. N manathon. In Q this stem is partly
blended with MBAD, q.v. and cf. Mandos, Kalamando.
MAP- lay hold of with hand, seize. Q mapa- grasp, seize. ON map-
seize, take away by force. Ilk. (Dor.) mab hand (*mapa), cf. Mablung
[LUG(1)]. Ilk. Ermab(r)in one-handed (of Beren: cf. Mablosgen
emptyhanded = N Erchamron, Camlost). [The forms Ermab(r)in
and Erchamron are certain.]
MASAG- knead, make soft by rubbing, kneading, etc. * mazga: Q
maksa pliant, soft; 0N mazga > maiga, N moe, soft. * mazge:
Q makse dough, N moeas dough. I1k. maig dough.
MAT- eat. Q mat-; N medi. For megli bear see us.
MBAD- duress, prison, doom, hell. * mbanda: N band, bann duress,
prison; Angband Hell (Iron-prison) (Q Angamanda). Q Mando the
Imprisoner or Binder, usually lengthened Mand-os (Mandosse =
Dread Imprisoner, N. Bannos [GOS]). Blended with Q with MAN -
hence Kalamando Light Mando = Manwe, Morimando Dark Mando
= Mandos. MBAD is in turn related to BAD, q.v.
MBAKH- exchange. Q manka- trade; makar tradesman; mankale
commerce. N banc, banga; bachor pedlar; bach article (for ex-
change), ware, thing (*mbakha).
MBAL- Q malle street; ambal shaped stone, flag.
MBAR- dwell, inhabit. Q a-mbar (ambaron) 'oikoumene', Earth;
Endamar, Ambarenya Middle-earth. N ambar, amar Earth; Em-
merein, Emerin (Ambarenya) Middle-earth. Martan(o) Earthbuilder
= Aule (N Barthan) [TAN]. Gondobar, Findobar [PHIN]. [With
the use of the Greek word oikoumene here cf. Letters no. 154, p. 197. -
Ambarendya occurs in the Ambarkanta, IV. 241 - 3. - With Martan
cf. I. 266, entry Talka Marda. - Findobar was the son of Fingon
(p.403).]
MBARAT- Q umbar (umbarten) fate, doom; N ammarth. Q marta
fey, fated; maranwe destiny; martya- destine. N barad doomed;
bartho to doom. Cf. Turamarth, Q Turambar [apparently written
thus over Turumbar].
MBAS- knead. Q masta- bake, masta bread. N bast bread; basgorn
loaf [KOR].
MBAW- compel, force, subject, oppress. Q mauya- compel; mausta
compulsion; maure need. N baug tyrannous, cruel, oppressive;
bauglo to oppress; bauglir tyrant, oppressor; bui (*mauy-) (imper-
sonal), baur need. Cf. Gothmog (*Gothombauk-) [GOS].
MBER- Q meren (merend-) or merende feast, festival; N bereth. Q
merya festive; meryale holiday. N beren festive, gay, joyous. [This
stem was first MER, and the N words mereth, meren; but a new stem
MER was then introduced and the former MER changed to MBER, the N
words becoming bereth, beren. The name Mereth Aderthad was never
changed in the texts.]
MBIRIL- (compound of MIR and RIL, q.v.) Q miril (mirilli) shining
jewel; mirilya- glitter. Ilk. bril glass, crystal; cf. Brilthor glittering
torrent.
MBOTH- Dor. moth pool, umboth large pool. Cf. Q motto blot, N both
puddle, small pool. Cf. Umboth Muilin [MUY] = N Elinuial or
Hithliniath.
MBUD- project. * mbundu: Q mundo snout, nose, cape; N bund,
bunn. Cf. * andambunda long-snouted, Q andamunda elephant, N
andabon, annabon [ANAD].
MEL- love (as friend). Q mel-; melin dear, melda beloved, dear;
melme love; melisse (f.), melindo (m.) lover; melima loveable, fair,
Melimar = Lindar. Irregular vocalism: * malo friend, Q malo.
N meleth love; mell dear; mellon friend; meldir friend, f. meldis;
melethron, melethril lover. mil love, affection; milui friendly, loving,
kind.
MEN- Q men place, spot; mena region. Cf. Numen, Romen, Harmen
[see KHYAR], Tormen [which is the form in the Ambarkanta, IV.
244- 5, 248 - 9, changed later to Formen (PHOR).]
MER- wish, desire, want. Q mere, pa.t. merne. [See MBER.]
MEREK- [This entry was struck out, and the stem MBEREK written
against it. It was the same as the entry BEREK, q.v., except that the Q
form was here merka 'wild' for verka, a N form brerg 'wild, fierce' was
given, and bregol was translated 'fierce'.]
MET- end. Q mente point, end; N ment point; meth end (*metta);
methen end. Q metya- put an end to.
MI- inside. Q mi in, within; mir and minna to the inside, into; mitya
adj. interior.
MIL-IK- Q milme desire, greed; maile lust; mailea lustful; milya-
long for; milka greedy; Melko (*Mailiko), N Maeleg (*-ka). N melch
greedy; mael lust; maelui lustful. [The stem vowel ae in the N words
was changed to oe: Moeleg, etc. The Gnomish name Moeleg of Melko
occurs in Q (IV. 79, 164).]
MINI- stand alone, stick out. Q mine one; minya first; minda promi-
nent, conspicuous; mindo isolated tower. N min one, minei (*miniia)
single, distinct, unique; minnas tower, also mindon (*minitaun, cf.
tunn [see TUN]).
MINK-W- Q minqe eleven.
MIR- Q, ON mire; N mir jewel, precious thing, treasure. Cf.
Nauglamir (Doriathrin form). Mirion ordinary N name of the Silevril
(Silmarilli), pl. Miruin; = N Golo(d)eir or Mir in Geleid, Dor.
Goldamir. [The name Borommiro is scribbled in: see BOR.]
MIS- go free, stray, wander. Q mirima free; cf. Mirimor = the Teleri.
mista- stray about. N mist error, wandering; misto to stray; mistrad
straying, error. [In the long note to QS $29 giving names 'in song and
tale' of the Kindreds of the Elves a name of the Teleri is 'the Free' (and
another 'the Wanderers').]
MISK- Q miksa wet; N mesg, mesc.
MITH- N mith white fog, wet mist; cf. Mithrim [RINGI]. [Later
addition: mith = grey.]
MIW- whine. Q maiwe gull, N maew. Q miule whining, mewing.
MIZD- *mizde: Q miste fine rain; N midh dew; Dor. mid moisture
(adj. med wet, * mizda); Dan. meord fine rain. Cf. Dor. name Dolmed
'Wet-head' [NDOL]. [The stems MISK-, MITH-, MIZD- are evidently
related, but it is scarcely possible to see from the changes on the
manuscript what my father finally intended.]
MO- *mol-: Q mol slave, thrall; N mul. Q mota- labour, toil; N mudo
(pa.t. mudas). [Cf. Lhammas $8: mulanoldorin > molanoldorin,
language of the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth.]
MOR- *mori black: Q more black (N + mor}; mordo shadow,
obscurity, stain; more blackness, dark, night; morna gloomy, sombre;
morilinde nightingale (Ilk. murulind, myrilind). N maur gloom; moru
black. Ilk. mor night. Meglivorn: see LIS, MAT. Morgoth Black Foe
[KOT] = Melko. Morimando = Mandos [see MBAD]. Moriqendi Dark
Elves = Morimor, N Duveledh or Durion [DO3]. [This entry is
extremely confused through changes and afterthought additions, and
I have tried to arrange the material more sequentially. It is not clear,
however, that all the forms given were intended to stand.]
MOROK- *moroko bear: Q morko; N brog; Ilk. broga. [See LIS.]
MOY- Q moina familiar, dear; ON muina, N muin dear. [See TOR.]
MU- not, no. [See UGU, UMU.]
MUY- Q muina hidden, secret; muile secrecy. Dor. muilin secret,
veiled; Umboth Muilin veiled pool = N Lhin Uial or Eilinuial. Dor.
muil twilight, shadow, vagueness. (Not in N because it became
identical with moina [MOY].)
N.
[There was no new start made on the N-entries, which remain in their
extremely difficult original form. The stems with an initial back nasal
consonant (followed by the stop g), represented in the manuscript by a
special form of the latter n, are here printed NG-.]
NA(1)- [Cf. ANA(1)] Q an, ana, na to, towards, prefix ana-. N na with,
by, prefix an-. Also used as genitive sign.
NA(2)- [Cf. ANA(2)] be. Stem of verb 'to be' in Q. Cf. nat thing, N nad.
NAD- Q nanda water-mead, watered plain. N nand, nann wide
grassland; nador, nadras pasture. Dor. nand field, valley. Cf.
Nandungorthin, Nan Tathren.
NAK- [Cf. ANAK] bite. Q nak- bite; N nag-. Q nahta a bite; N naeth
biting, gnashing of teeth [see NAY]. N naew (*nakma), Q nangwa
jaw. Cf. *an-ka jaw, row of teeth: Q anka, N anc; Anc-alagon
'Biting-Storm', dragon-name [ALAK].
NAN- N nana (hypocoristic) mother; naneth. [See AM(1).]
NAR(1)- flame, fire. Q nar and nare flame, cf. Anar Sun-, narwa fiery
red. N naur flame; Anar Sun; narw, naru red. Cf. Egnor [EK], etc.;
for Feanor see PHAY. Q narqelion 'fire-fading', autumn [KWEL].
[The N form Anar is clear. See ANAR.]
NAR(2)- (Q nyar-) tell, relate. Q nyare tale, saga, history, lumenyare
[LU]; nyarin I tell. ON narobe he tells a story (pa. t. narne), trenare
he recounts, tells to end (inf. trenarie). N + naro tell; treneri (nennar),
pa.t. trenor, trener; trenarn account, tale (ON trenarna); narn tale,
saga (Q nyarna). [For prefix tre- see TER.]
NARAK- tear, rend (tr. and intr.). *naraka rushing, rapid, violent: Q
naraka harsh, rending, violent; N narcha- to rend, Q narki. N Narog
river-name; Nar(o)gothrond [os] = fortress of Narog; Narogardh =
realm of Narog.
NAS- point, sharp end. Q nasse thorn, spike; nasta- prick, sting. N
nass point, sharp end; angle or corner (cf. BEN); nasta prick, point,
stick, thrust. Cf. SNAS, SNAT.
NAT- (cf. NUT) lace, weave, tie. Q natse web, net; N nath web;
Dor. nass. N nathron weaver, webster; gonathra- entangle, enmesh,
gonathras entanglement. [For prefix go- see wo.]
NAUK- Q nauko dwarf. N naug. Cf. Nogrod Dwarf-city [cf. ROD?].
Also in diminutive form naugol (naugl-). The name Nauglamir is
strictly Doriathric, in which genitive in -a(n) preceded. The true N
idiom is mir na Nauglin or Nauglvir > Nauglavir.
[N naug was struck out and replaced by: 'N nawag (pl. neweig,
neweg); Dor. naugol, whence EN naugl'; but the rest of the entry was
allowed to stand. The stem NAWAK was written beside NAUK.]
NAY- lament. naeth (nakt-) 'biting' is associated in N with this stem,
and gets senses of gnashing teeth in grief: cf. Nirnaeth Arnediad (or
Aronoded) [NOT]. Q naire lament, naina- lament. N noer adj. sad,
lamentable; nae alas, Q nai. Q, ON noi, nui lament (*naye); Nuinoer,
Nuinor, name of Turin's sister.
NAYAK- (or perhaps NAYKA-, elaboration of NAK, q.v.) pain. Q naike
sharp pain; naikele; naikelea painful. N naeg pain; negro to pain.
NDAK- slay. ON ndakie to slay, pa.t. ndanke; ndagno slain (as
noun), corpse; ndakro slaughter, battle. N degi to slay; daen corpse;
dangen slain, cf. Haudi Ndengin; dagr, dagor battle; dagro to battle,
make war. *ndako warrior, soldier: ON ndoko, N daug chiefly used of
Orcs, also called Boldog. [Boldog is an Orc-captain in the Lay of
Leithian and in Q $10. The meaning here is that Boldog was used
beside daug; see NGWAL.]
NDAM- hammer, beat. Q namba a hammer, namba- to hammer.
Nambarauto hammerer of copper, sixth son of Feanor, N Damrod
[RAUTA]. N dam a hammer, damna- to hammer (pa.t. dammint).
NDAN- back. (Cf. Danas; N Dan, pl. Dein, Dadrin). Q nan-
(prefix) backwards. Dor. don back (noun). Cf. Q na, nan but, on the
contrary, on the other hand, a-nanta and yet, but yet. [See DAN, and
commentary on Lhammas $7.]
NDER- strengthened form of der man (see DER). * ndero bridegroom
> Eldarin ndaer, Q ner man (blended with der); ON ndair, N doer
bridegroom. Cf. Ender surname of Tulkas (Endero), as Indis (see
NDIS) of his wife.
NDEW- follow, come behind. Q neuna (*ndeuna) second; * ndeuro
follower, successor: Q neuro, cf. Dor. Dior successor (i.e. of
Thingol). The stem is confused with NDU 'sink' in N.
NDIS- Strengthening (parallel to NDER Of DER) Of NIS 'woman', itself
elaborated from INI.
NDIS-SE/SA Q nisse beside nis (see NIS, NI) woman. ON ndissa
young woman (in N dess was blended with bess, properly 'wife');
*ndise bride > ON ndis, N dis. Intensive form * i-ndise = Q Indis
'bride', name of the goddess Nessa.
NDOL- Q nola round head, knoll; N dol (ON ndolo) head. Cf. Q
Andolat hill-name, N Dolad. N dolt (pl. dylt) round knob, boss.
Cf. Dor. Ndolmed, Dolmed = Wet Head, name of mountain in
Eredlindon.
NDOR- dwell, stay, rest, abide. Q nore land, dwelling-place, region
where certain people live, as Vali-nore (Valinor). The long vowel in Q
is due to confusion with nore clan (NO, ONO). N dor (* ndore);
dortho- dwell, stay. Cf. Endor = Endamar Middle-earth. Doriath:
see GATH. [Under ENED Endor is defined as 'centre of the world'. See
IV. 254 - 5.)
NDU- (see also NU) go down, sink, set (of Sun, etc). Associated in N
with DO3 night, also with NDEW. Q numen west (see MEN), numenya
western; nuta set, sink (of Sun or Moon); andune (*ndune) sunset. N
dun west, beside annun used as opposite of amrun (see AM); also
duven [?southern].
[Scribbled marginal notes give: 'Numenore and Andunie = Land of
Great Men (after the Last Battle). NDUR, NUR bow down, obey,
serve; num sunset; cf. -dur in name lsildur.' In FN I ($2) Andunie was
likewise the name of the land of Numenor, not (as in FN II) of its chief
town.]
NDUL- See DUL. * ndulla: Q nulla dark, dusky, obscure; N doll, cf.
Terendul.
NED- See ENED. middle, centre. N enedh core, centre; Q ende. But
N nedh- as prefix = mid-.
NEI- tear. Q nire, nie tear; cf. nieninqe snowdrop [NIK-W], Nienna.
N nir tear, weeping; nirnaeth lamentation [NAY]; nin (*neine) tear,
ninim snowdrop (nifredil). Q nite (*neiti-) moist, dewy; N nid damp,
wet; tearful. *neiniel-: N niniel tearful.
NEL- three. NEL-ED- three: Q nelde; N neledh later neled
(after canad four). Prefix nel- tri-. nelthil triangle (neltildi)
[TIL]. Doriathrin neldor beech. Cf. Neldoreth name of a forest
in Doriath, properly name of Hirilorn the great beech of Thingol
with three trunks = neld-orn? [see OR-NI]. The N name is brethel,
pl. brethil (cf. Forest of Brethil); see BERETH [where brethil is
given as the singular). The proper Dor. name was galdbreth > gal-
breth [GALAD].
NEL-EK- tooth. Q nelet, nelki. ON nele, neleki; N nel, neleg.
NEN- Q nen (nen-) water; N nen (pl. nin). Q nelle (* nen-le) brook;
nende pool; nenda watery, wet. N nend, nenn watery. Cf. Ui-nend, Q
Uinen [UY].
NEN-WI- nose. Q nengwe, nengwi; nengwea nasal. N nemb, nem;
Dor. niw.
NER- Q stem for PQ der- man, derived from influence of ndere and ni,
nis: see NI, DER, NDER.
NETER- nine. Q nerte; N neder.
NETH- young. Q Nessa goddess, also called Indis (bride): see NI,
NDIS. nessa young (*neth-ra); nese or nesse youth; nessima youth-
ful. N nith youth (*nethe); neth young (nethra); Neth or Dineth =
Indis Nessa.
NGAL- / NGALAM- talk loud or incoherently. Q nalme clamour; N
glamb, glamm (*ngalambe, influenced by lambe [LAB]) barbarous
speech; Glamhoth = Orcs. See LAM, GLAM. [The stem was changed
subsequently to NGYAL- and Q nalme to yalme.]
NGAN-, NGANAD- play (on stringed instrument). Q nande a harp,
nandelle little harp; nandele harping; nanda- to harp; nandaro
harper. N gandel, gannel a harp; gannado or ganno play a harp;
talagant [> talagand] harper (*tyalangando), cf. Talagant
[> Talagand] of Gondolin [TYAL]. Ilk. gangel, genglin. [Talagant
appears in no literary source, but cf. Salgant in the tale of The Fall of
Gondolin, the cowardly but not wholly unattractive lord of the People
of the Harp: II. 173, 190 - I, etc.]
NGAR(A)M- Dor. garm wolf; N garaf; Q narmo, narmo.
NGAW- howl. N gaur werewolf; Q nauro. N gaul, Q naule wolf-
howl. N gaw- howl; gawad howling.
NGOL- wise, wisdom, be wise. Q nolwe wisdom, secret lore; nole
wisdom; nola wise, learned; + ingole deep lore, magic (N + angol).
N + golw lore, golwen (*ngolwina) wise, learned in deep arts; goll
(*ngolda) wise; gollor magician; gul magic. Dor. ngol, gol wise,
magical; (n)golo magic, lore; durgul, mor(n)gul sorcery.
NGOLOD- one of the wise folk, Gnome. Q noldo; ON ngolodo, N
golodh, pl. goeloeidh, geleidh, and golodhrim; T golodo, Dor. (n)gold;
Dan. golda. Q Ingolonde Land of the Gnomes (Beleriand, but before
applied to parts of Valinor); N Angolonn or Geleidhien. Golovir (Mir in
Geleidh) = Silmaril; Dor. Goldamir; Q Noldomire [MIR].
NGOROTH- horror (cf. GOR; GOS, GOTH). N Gorgoroth deadly fear
(*gor-ngoroth), cf. (Fuin) Gorgoroth, later name of Dorthanion, also
called Taur-na-Fuin or Taur-na-Delduath. Cf. Dor. name Nan
Dungorthin (Dor. ngorthin horrible, dunn black); Dor. ngorth horror
= N goroth, Nan Dongoroth or Nann Orothvor [see DUN].
NGUR- ON nguru, ngurtu; N gur Death, also guruth [see WAN].
Q nuru, Nuru (personified) = Mandos; Nurufantur = Mandos
Gugannor [SPAN]. Cf. Gurtholv [> Gurutholf] 'Wand of Death',
sword-name [GOLOB].
NGWAL- torment. Q ungwale torture; nwalya- to pain, torment;
nwalka cruel. N balch cruel; baul torment, cf. Bal- in Balrog or Bolrog
[RUK], and Orc-name Boldog = Orc-warrior 'Torment-slayer' (cf.
NDAK).
NGYO-, NGYON- grandchild, descendant. Q indyo; T endo; ON
ango (not in N). Cf. YO, YON.
NI(1). woman - related to INI female, counterpart to 3AN male. In Q
ni was archaic and poetic and usually replaced by nis pl. nissi or nisse
pl. nissi. See NIS, NDIS. In Q, PQ der 'man' became ner (not ler)
owing to blending with ndaer 'bridegroom' and to influence of nt, nis
(see DER, NDER).
In ON ni woman' later > di through influence of dir [see DER].,
but di was only rare and poetical ('bride, lady'): it was replaced in
sense 'woman' by bess [see BES], and in sense 'bride' by cpd. di-neth
{see NETH). Dineth is also N name for the goddess Neth = Q Nessa,
and Indis.
NI(2)= I.
NIB- face, front. N nif (*nibe) front, face. Dor. nef face; nivra- to face,
go forward; nivon west, Nivrim West-march, Nivrost West-dales
[Ros(2)]. [Nivrim 'West-march' occurs in QS $110, and Nivrost 'West
Vale' in QS $106.]
NID- lean against. *nidwo bolster, cushion: Q nirwa; ON nidwa,
N nedhw.
NIK-W- Q niqe snow; ninqe white (*ninkwi); nieninqe 'white tear' =
snowdrop [NEI]; ninqita- shine white; ninqita- whiten; ninqisse
whiteness. Taniqetil(de) = High White Horn = N Nimdil-dor
(*Ninkwitil(de) Tara). N nimp (nim) pale; nifred pallor, fear;
nimmid to whiten (pa.t. nimmint); nifredil snowdrop; nimred
(nimpred) pallor.
NIL-, NDIL- friend. Q nilda friendly, loving; nildo (and nilmo), f.
nilde, friend; nilme friendship. In names -nil, -dil = Old English
wine, as Elendil (*Eled-nil) = AElfwine; Herendil = Eadwine [see
KHER].
NIN-DI- fragile, thin. Q ninde slender; N ninn.
NIS- Probably an elaboration of INI, NI; feminine counterpart to
DER 'man'. Q nis, nissi (see NI).
NO- (cf. ONO) beget. Q nore country, land, race (see NDOR). N nur
race; noss (= Q nosse) clan, family, 'house', as Nos Finrod House of
Finrod. Q onoro brother, onone sister. ON wanuro, N gwanur [wo].
NOL- smell (intr.). Q, L holme odour. N ul odour (*nole); angol
stench.
NOROTH- Q norsa a giant.
NOT- count, reckon. Q not- reckon, onot- count up; note number. N
noedia count; gonod- count up, reckon, sum up; cf. arnoediad,
arnediad, beside aronoded, innumerable, countless, endless; gwanod
tale, number [see wo].
NOWO- think, form idea, imagine. Q noa and no, pl. nowi, concep-
tion; nause imagination (*naupe). N naze, pl. nui, idea; nauth-
thought; nautha- conceive.
NU- Cf. NDU. Q nun adv. down below, underneath; no prep. under.
N no under, with article nui (Dagor nuin Giliath). *nura, or separate
stem NUR; Q nura deep; N nur, Cf. Nurqendi = Gnomes; Nuron, N
name for Ulmo.
NUT- tie, bind. Q nutin I tie; nute bond, knot; nauta bound, obliged.
N nud-; nud bond; naud bound.
NYAD- gnaw. *nyadro: Q nyano rat; N nar (< nadr).
NYEL- ring, sing, give out a sweet sound. Q nyello singer; nyelle bell;
T Fallinel (Fallinelli) = Teleri [PHAL]. N nell bell; nella- sound
bells; nelladel ringing of bells. Q Solonyeldi = Teleri (see SOL); in
Telerin form Soloneldi,
O.
OKTA- See KOT. Q ohta war. N auth. Ilk. oth.
OLOS- dream. Q olor dream, Olofantur (s-f > f) = Lorien. N [olt >] ol
(pl. elei); oltha- to dream (*olsa-); Olfannor (= Olo(s)-fantur)
[SPAN] = Lorien. [See LOS.]
OM- Q oma voice; oman, amandi vowel.
ONO- beget (see NO). Q onta- beget, create (pa.t. one, ontane); onna
creature; ontaro (ontaro) begetter, parent (f. ontare); ontani parents.
N odhron parent (odhril); (*onro) ed-onna beget; un creature.
ORO- up; rise; high; etc. (cf. RO). Q ore rising, anarore sunrise; orta-
rise, raise. N or prep. above; prefix or- as in orchall, orchel superior,
eminent (see KHAL(2)); ON ortie, orie rise, ortobe raise; N ortho raise
(orthant); erio rise (+ oronte arose).
OROT- height, mountain. Q oron (pl. oronti) mountain; orto
mountain-top. ON oro, pl. oroti, beside oroto; N orod (pl. ereid, ered)
mountain; orodrim range of mountains (see RIM). DOr. orth, pl.
orthin. Cf. Orodreth; Eredwethion, Eredlindon, Eredlemrin,
Eredengrin.
OR-NI- high tree. Q orne tree, high isolated tree. N, Dor. orn. In
Doriath used especially of beech, but as suffix in regorn etc. used of
any tree of any size. In N used of any large tree - holly, hawthorn, etc.
were classed as toss (tussa) bush [TUS]: thus eregdos = holly [EREK].
N orn has pl. yrn.
OROK- *orku goblin: Q orko, pl. orqi. ON orko, pl. orkui; N orch, pl.
yrch. Dor. urch, pl. urchin. Dan. urc, pl. yrc.
OROM- * Orome: Q Orome; ON Oroume, Araume > Exilic Araw,
also called Tauros. See ROM.
OS- round, about. N o about, concerning, h before vowel as o Hedhil
concerning Elves; os- prefix 'about', as esgeri cut round, amputate
(3 sg. osgar). Q osto city, town with wall round. N ost; othrond
fortress, city in underground caves = ost-rond (see ROD). Cf. Belegost,
Nargothrond.
OT- (OTOS, OTOK) seven. Q otso; N odog. Q Otselen Seven Stars,
N Edegil, = Great Bear or Valakirka Sickle of the Gods.
OY- ever, eternal. Q oi ever; oia (*oiya) everlasting; otale, oire
everlasting [?age]; oira eternal. Oiolosse 'Everlasting snow'
Taniqetil = ON Uigolosse, N Uilos, Amon Uilos; uir eternity; uireb
eternal. Q Oiakumi = Avakuma. [This entry replaced that under
GEY, which itself replaced EY.]
P.
PAD- Q panda enclosure. N in cirban haven; pann courtyard.
PAL- wide (open). Q palla wide, expansive; palu-, palya- open wide,
spread, expand, extend; N pelio spread. Q palme surface; N palath
surface. Q palure surface, bosom, bosom of Earth (= Old English
folde), hence Palurien surname of Yavanna. [Later addition:] palang
far, distant, wide, to a great extent; palantir a far-seeing stone.
PALAP- Q palpa- to beat, batter. N blebi for * plebi; blab flap, beat
(wing, etc.)
PAN- place, set, fix in place (especially of wood). Q panya- fix, set; N
penio. Q pano piece of shaped wood. <pano: plank, fixed board,
especially in a floor: ON pano, panui, N pan, pein; panas floor. Q
ampano building (especially of wood), wooden hall.
PAR. compose, put together. * panna: Q parma book, ON parma, N
parf (perf). Q parmalambe book-language = Qenya. ON parthobi
arrange, compose.
PARAK- Q parka dry; ON parkha, N parch.
PAT- (cf. PATH) * panta open: Q panta, obsolete in ON owing to
coalescence with qanta full. Q panta- to unfurl, spread out, open. N
panno to open, enlarge; pann (*patna) wide.
PATH- *pathna: ON pattha, N path; Q pasta smooth. * pathma: ON
pathcva, N pathw level space, sward.
PEG- mouth. Q pe.
PEL- revolve on fixed point. Q pel- go round, revolve, return. *pel-
takse: Q peltas, pl. peltaksi pivot; ON pelthaksa, N pelthaes pivot
(see TAK).
PEL(ES)- ON pele (pl. pelesi, peleki) [Old English] 'tun', fenced field.
N pel, pl. peli. Q peler; opele walled house or village, 'town'; N gobel,
cf. Tavrobel (village of Turin in the forest of Brethil, and name of
village in Tol Eressea) [TAM]; Tindobel = starlit village [TIN]. [On
this remarkable reference to Tavrobel see pp. 412 - 13.]
PEN-, PENED- Q pende slope, downslope, declivity; ampende
upward slope, penda sloping down, inclined. N pend, penn declivity;
ambenn uphill; dadbenn downhill, inclined, prone [see AM(2), DAT].
N pendrad or pendrath passage up or down slope, stairway. [See note
'to DEN.]
PER- divide in middle, halve. Q perya, perina; N perin, cf. Peringol
half-Elf, or Gnome. [Cf. Beringol and Peringiul 'Half-elven',
commentary on AB z annal 325; also Pereldar 'Half-eldar', Danas,
in QS $28. The puzzling words 'or Gnome' should perhaps be
interpreted as if 'half-Elf, or rather half-Gnome (perin + ngol)'.]
PERES- affect, disturb, alter. N presto to affect, trouble, disturb;
prestannen 'affected', of vowel [i.e. 'mutated'];prestanneth 'affection'
of vowels. ON persos it affects, concerns. [This entry is found on a
detached slip.]
PHAL-, PHALAS- foam. Q falle foam; falma (crested) wave; falmar
or falmarin (falmarindi) sea-spirit, nymph; falasse beach; Falanyel,
pl. Falanyeldi = Solonel, name of the Teleri, also in Telerin form
Fallinel (see NYEL). N falf foam, breaker; faltho (ON phalsobe) to
foam; falas (pl. feles) beach, shore, as proper name i Falas west coast
(of Beleriand), whence adj. Falathren. The variant SPALAS is seen
in espalass foaming [? fall]; T spalasta- to foam, froth. [With falmarin
'sea-spirit' cf. Falmarini, spirits of the foam, in the Lost Tales, I. 66.
Falmarindi is used of the Teleri: p. 403.]
PHAR- reach, go all the way, suffice. Q farya- suffice (pa.t. farne);
fare sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted;farea enough, sufficient.
EN farn enough; far adv. sufficient, enough, quite.
PHAS- Q fasse tangled hair, shaggy lock; fasta- tangle. ON phasta
shaggy hair, EN fast (cf. Ulfast [ULUG]).
PHAU- gape. Q fauka open-mouthed, thirsty, parched; ON phauka
thirsty, N faug thirsty; Dor na Fauglith (thirsty sand, see LIT).
PHAY- radiate, send out rays of light. Q faina- emit light; faire
radiance; ON phaire. Cf. * Phay-anaro 'radiant sun' > Q Feanaro,
ON Phayanor, N Feanour, Feanor. Cf. N foen radiant, white. [See
SPAN.]
PHELEG- cave. T felga cave; Q felya; ON phelga, N fela, pl. fili; cf.
Felagund [KUNDU].
PHEN- Q fenda threshold; ON phenda, N fend, fenn.
PHER-, PHEREN- beech. Q feren or ferne (pl. ferni) beech-tree;
ferna mast, beechnuts; ferinya beechen. T ferne. ON pheren beech;
pherna mast; Exilic fer was usually replaced by brethil (see
BERETH).
PHEW- feel disgust at, abhor. Q feuya; ON phuiobe, N fuio.
PHI- Q fion (fioni, fiondi) [....] Cf. Fionwe son of Manwe [see
WEG]. [The meaning of Q fion is unfortunately not certainly legible;
the likeliest interpretation would be 'haste', but 'hawk' is a possibility.]
PHILIK- small bird. Q filit, pl. filiki; N filig pl., analogical singular
fileg or filigod.
PHIN- nimbleness, skill. ON phinde skill, phinya skilled; * Phinde-
rauto, N Finrod [RAUTA]. Cf. Q Finwe, ON Phinwe, name of chief
Gnome (Exilic * Finw, [see WEG]). Find- occurs also in names
Findabar (*Phind-ambar), Fingon (*Findekano) [KAN]; phinya or
-phini occurs in Fingolfin (= ngolfine 'magic skill'), Isfin [is], Curufin
[KUR]; distinguish SPIN in Glorfindel. [On the absence of Finw in
Exilic Noldorin see also the passage at the end of the Lhammas $ 11. -
The name Findabar appears in the entry MBAR in the form
Findobar, as also in the Genealogies, p. 403.]
PHIR- Q firin dead (by natural cause), firima mortal; fire mortal
man (firi); firya human; Firyanor = Hildorien; ilfirin (for *ilpirin)
immortal; faire natural death (as act). N feir, pl. fir mortals; firen
human; fern, pl. firn dead (of mortals). Dor firn i guinar Land of the
Dead that Live [KUY]. Firiel = mortal maid, later name of Luthien.
PHOR- right-hand. Q forya right; formaite righthanded, dexterous
[MA3]. formen north, formenya northern [MEN]. N foeir, feir right
(hand); forgam righthanded [KAB]; forven north, also forod;
forodren northern. Cf. Forodwaith Northmen, Northerland [WEG];
Forodrim. *phoroti: Q forte. N forn right or north. (Cf. KHYAR.)
PHUY- Q fuine, huine deep shadow; Fui, Hui Night. ON phuine
night, N fuin; cf. Taur na Fuin = Taure Huineva.
PIK- ON pika small spot, dot; N peg. ON pikina tiny, N pigen.
PILIM- Q pilin (pilindi) arrow.
PIS- Q pirya juice, syrup. N peich; pichen juicy.
PIW- spit. Q piuta; ON puiobe, N puio.
POL-, POLOD- physically strong. Q polda strong, burly. Cf.poldore,
adj. Poldorea.
POR- *pori: Q pore flour, meal.
POTO- animal's foot. ON poto, poti, N pod, pyd.
POY- *poika clean, pure: Q poika; N puig clean, tidy, neat.
PUS- stop, halt, pause. Q pusta- to stop, put a stop to, and intr. cease,
stop; pusta (noun) stop, in punctuation full stop. N post pause, halt,
rest, cessation, respite. [An added entry gives PUT-, with Q putta
stop (in punctuation), pusta- to stop, punta a stopped consonant; but
the entry PUS- was not cancelled or changed.]
R.
RAB- *raba wild, untamed: Q rava, N rhaw wilderness. [Q rava and
N rhaw with wholly different meaning are also derivatives from stem
RAMBA, and N rhaw appears in a third sense under RAW.]
RAD- back, return. Dor. radhon east (cf. nivon forward = west
[NIB]); Radhrim East-march (part of Doriath); Radhrost East-vale,
land of Cranthir under Blue Mountains [Ros(2)]. *randa cycle, age
(100 Valian Years): Q, ON randa; N anrand.
RAG- *ragna: ON ragna crooked, N rhaen.
RAK- stretch out, reach. *ranku: Q ranko arm, pl. ranqi; ON ranko,
pl. rankui; N rhanc, pl. (archaic) rhengy, usually rhenc, arm. *rakme
fathom: Q rangwe; ON ragme, N rhaew.
RAM. *rama: Q rama wing, cf. Earrame 'Sea-wing' [Av], name of
Tuor's ship. N rhenio (*ramya-) fly, sail, wander (cf. RAN)., rhofal
pinion, great wing (of eagle), pl. rhofel (*ramale); rhafn wing (horn),
extended point at side, etc. (*ramna). [With rhofal cf. 'wide-winged
Lhandroval' in QS (p. 301); for the first element see LAD.]
RAMBA- Q ramba wall, cf. Ilurambar; N rhamb, rham, cf. Andram
'Long Walls' [ANAD] in Beleriand. Q rava bank, especially of a river;
N rhaw [see RAB, RAW].
RAN- wander, stray. *Rana: Q Rana Moon, N Rhan. Q ranya- to
stray, N rhenio (cf. RAM); Q rane straying, wandering, ranen errant;
N rhaun, [added later:] N rhandir wanderer, pilgrim.
RAS- stick up (intr.). Q rasse horn (especially on living animal,
but also applied to mountains); N rhaes, rhasg; cf. Caradras =
Redhorn [KARAN]. [This entry was an addition at the end of the list.
The N words and the reference to Caradras were scribbled in still
later.]
RASAT- twelve. [No other forms are given.]
RAT- walk. "rata: N rad path, track; rado to make a way, find a
way; ath-rado to cross, traverse [AT(AT)]; athrad crossing, ford,
cf. Sarn Athrad. *ratta: ON rattha course, river-bed, N rath (cf.
Rathloriel) [LAWAR]. ostrad a street. [Added:] rant lode, vein;
Celebrant river-name. Ilk. rant flow, course of river.
RAUTA- metal. Q, ON rauta; N rhaud, cf. -rod in names Finrod,
Angrod, Damrod (see PHIN, ANGA, NDAM). [The original meaning of
RAUTA was given as 'copper', changed to 'metal'; cf. Nambarauto
(Damrod) 'hammerer of copper' under NDAM.]
RAW- *rau: Q ra (pl. ravi) lion; ON ro (pl. rowi), N rhaw (pl. rhui).
[Cf. I. 260, entry Measse'. - Distinct N words rhaw appear under RAB
and RAMBA.]
RAYAK- Q raika crooked, bent, wrong; N rhoeg wrong.
RED- (Cf. ERED) scatter, sow. Q rerin I sow, pa.t. rende; N rhedi to
sow. ? redda 'sown', sown field, acre.
REG- edge, border, margin. Q rena. N rhein, rhain border; edrein.
REP- bend, hook. rempa crooked, hooked.
RI- Q rima edge, hem, border. Dor. rim (as in Nivrim [NIB],
Radhrim [RAD]); N rhif.
RIG- Q rie crown (*rige); rina crowned (cf. Tinwerina); ON rige, N
rhi crown. Cf. Rhian name of a woman, = 'crown-gift', rig-anna
[ANA(1)]; N rhin crowned; rhis queen. [Elerina, which was substituted
for Tinwerina in a note dated February 1938 (p. 200), appears in a
marginal addition to entry EL.)
RIK(H)- jerk, sudden move, flirt. Q rihta- jerk, give quick twist or
move, twitch. *rinki: Q rinke flourish, quick shake. N rhitho jerk,
twitch, snatch; rhinc twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move.
RIL- glitter (cf. SIL., THIL, GIL). Q rilma glittering light; nlya glitter-
ing, brilliance. Cf. Silmarille, Silmaril (pl. Silmarilli), N Silevril
(*silimarille).
RIM- *rimba: Q rimba frequent, numerous; ON rimba, N rhemb,
rhem. *rimbe crowd, host; Q, ON rimbe, N rhimb, rhim - often as pl.
-rim [see LI].
RIN- Q rinde circle, rinda circular. N rhind, rhinn circle; idrind,
idrin year [YEN]; rhinn circular; rhingorn circle [KOR].
RINGI- cold. Q ringe; ON ringe, N rhing; cf. Ringil name of one of the
great Lamps (pillared on ice), also of Fingolfin's sword. Q ringe cold
pool or lake (in mountains); Dor. ring, N rhimb, rhim, as in
Mith-rim.
RIP- rush, fly, Ring. Q rimpa rushing, flying; N rhib-, rhimp, rhimmo
to flow like a [? torrent]; river-name Rhibdath, Rhimdath 'Rushdown'.
[This entry was a hasty scribbled addition at the end of the R-stems.]
RIS- slash, rip. ON rista- rend, rip; N risto. Cf. Orchrist sword-name.
[This entry was left unchanged, but a second form of it was added later
without reference to the first:]
RIS. Cf. KIRIS, cut, cleave. *rista-: Q rista- cut; rista a cut, N rhisto,
rhest; Ilk. rest, cf. Eglorest, ghyll or ravine made by the river Eglor
[see ELED] at its mouth, name of town there. *risse-: N rhis, rhess a
ravine, as in Imladris.
RO- (form of ORO, q.v.) rise. Q romen (see MEN) east, romenya
eastern; rona east; contrast NDU 'down'. ON nina east, N rhun,
amrun (cf. dun, annun); + rhufen east. Cf. name El-run. [El-run was
an addition. See note to BARATH.]
ROD- cave. Q rondo cave; N rhond, rhonn, cf. Nargothrond, othrond
(see os). Dor. roth, pl. rodhin, as in Meneg-roth is probably from roda
> rodh > roth. Cf. ON rauda hollow, cavernous, N rhaud. ON
rostobe to hollow out, excavate, N rosto. In Ilkorin rond = domed
roof, hence Elrond (vault of heaven) [EL], name of Earendel's son.
ROK- Q rokko horse; N roch horse.
ROM- (Cf. OROM and Orome, Araw) loud noise, horn-blast, etc. Q
romba horn, trumpet; ON romba, N rhom. Q roma loud sound,
trumpet-sound; ON ruma, N + rhu in rhomru sound of horns.
ROS'- distil, drip. Q rosse fine rain, dew. N rhoss rain, cf. name
Celebros Silver-rain of a waterfall. Silivros = Q Silmerosse, name of
Silpion. [Both Silivros and Silmerosse are found in the list of the
names of the Trees in QS )16. Celebros is translated 'Silver Rain' in
AB 2 annal 299 (previously 'Foam-silver', 'Silver Foam').]
ROS(2)- Dor. rost plain, wide land between mountains; cf. Nivrost
[NIB], Radhrost [RAD].
ROY'- chase. *ronyo 'chaser', hound of chase: Q ronyo, N rhyn. Q
roita- pursue; raime hunt, hunting; N rhui(w).
ROY'- (N GROJ-) ruddy, red. Q roina ruddy; N gruin. [This second
stem ROY was put in very rapidly at the end of the R-stems and without
any reference to the former.]
RUD- *runda: Q runda rough piece of wood; ON runda, N grond
club; cf. Grond name of Melko's mace, and name Celebrond 'Silver-
mace'.
RUK- demon. Q rauko demon, malarauko (*ngwalarauko, cf.
NGWAL); N rhaug, Balrog.
RUN- flat of hand or sole of foot. Q runya slot, footprint; tallune
(*talrunya) sole of foot, N telloein, tellen [TAL]. N rhoein, rhein slot,
spoor, track, footprint.
RUS- flash, glitter of metal. Q russe corruscation, + sword-blade; ON
russe polished metal (N + rhoss chiefly found in names as Maedhros
[MAD], Findros, Celebros etc., owing to coalescence with ROS(1) ).
RUSKA- ON ruska, N rhosc brown.
S.
S- demonstrative stem. su, so he (cf. -so inflexion of verbs); st*, se
she (cf. -se inflexion of verbs). Cf. N ho, hon, hono he; he, hen,
bene she; ha, hana it; plurals huin, hin, hein.
SAB- Q sava juice; ON soba, N san, {pl. sui).
SAG- *sagra: Q sara bitter; N saer. *sagma: Q sangwa poison; N
saew.
SALAK-(WE) Q salqe grass; Ilk. salch. ON salape herb, green
food plant, N salab (pl. seleb) herb.
SALAP- lick up. Q salpa- lick up, sup, sip; ON salpha liquid food,
soup, broth; N salf broth.
SAM- unite, join. samnar diphthongs. [Hasty later addition; see SUD
and SUS.]
SAR- Q sar, pl. sardi stone (small); sarna of stone; sarne strong place.
N sarn stone as a material, or as adj.; cf. Sarnathrad.
SAY- know, understand. saira- wise; sairon wizard.
SED- rest (cf. EZDE 'rest', Q Este, ON Ezda, wife of Lorien). Q sere
rest, repose, peace; senda resting, at peace; serin I rest. N sidh peace.
SEL-D- daughter [see YEL]. Q selde. In N iell (poetic sell girl, maid)
with i from iondo son [YO]; a change assisted by the loss of s in cpds.
and patronymics: cf. Tinnuviel (*tindomiselde, Q Tindomerel), see
TIN. [The meaning 'daughter' was later changed to 'child', with Q
forms seldo, selda added.]
SER- love, be fond of (of liking, friendship). Q suffix-ser friend; sermo
friend (f. serme), also seron. Cf. name Elesser (Eledser) = AElfwine.
SI- this, here, now. Q si, sin now; sinya new. N sein (pl. sin) new;
siniath news, tidings; sinnarn novel tale [NAR(2)].
SIK- Q sikil dagger, knife; N sigil.
SIL- variant of THIL; 'shine silver'. These in Q cannot be distinguished
normally, but Q Isil Moon, N + Ithil has th. s- appears in *silime 'light
of Silpion', + silver, Q silme (cf. Silmerosse, N Silivros), N *silif.
*silima silver, shining white (adj.): Q silma, N *silef, cf. Silevril, Q
Silmaril (see RIL). In N Belthil (see BAL) s or th may be present. The Q
name of the Elder Tree is Silpion (see below).
Cf. Dor istel, istil silver light, applied by the Ilkorins to starlight,
probably a Q form learned from Melian. For *silif N has silith, by
assimilation to or from influence of + Ithil.
Related is SILIP whence Q Silpion (N *Silfion, not used).
SIR- flow. Q sir-, ON sirya-, N sirio flow. Q, ON sire, N sir river (cf.
Sirion); Q siril rivulet.
i
SIW- excite, egg on, urge. Q siule incitement; ON hyule, N hul cry of
encouragement in battle.
SKAL(1)- screen, hide (from light). Q halya- veil, conceal, screen from
light; halda (*skalna) veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady (opposed to
helda stripped bare, see SKEL). ON skhalia-, skhalla; N hall; haltha-
to screen. Ilk. esgal screen, hiding, roof of leaves. Dan. sc(i)ella
shade, screen. Derivative name Haldir 'hidden hero' [DER] (son of
Orodreth); also Ilk. Esgalduin 'River under Veil' (of [?leaves]).
[There seems to be a query before the bracketed words at the end of
the entry.]
SKAL(2)- small fish. Q hala; halatir(no) 'fishwatcher', kingfisher; N
heledir. [This stem was a later addition; see KHAL(1), TIR.]
SKAR- *skarwe: Q harwe wound; N harw. Cf. Ilk. esgar. *skarna: Q
harna wounded; N harn; harno to wound (Q harna-). Root sense:
tear, rend; cf. *askara tearing, hastening: N asgar, ascar violent,
rushing, impetuous. Ilk. ascar (cf. river-name Askar).
SKAT- break asunder. Q hat-, pa.t. hante; terhat- break apart.
SKEL- *skelma: Q helma skin, fell. N helf fur, heleth fur, fur-coat.
*skelna naked: Q helda; ON skhella, N hell. helta (skelta-) strip.
SKWAR- crooked. Q hwarin crooked; hwarma crossbar. Dan. swarn
perverse, obstructive, hard to deal with.
SKYAP- *skyapat- shore: Q hyapat; ON skhapa, pl. skhapati; N
habad shore (pl. hebeid).
SLIG- *sligne, *slinge: N thling spider, spider's web, cobweb. Q line
cobweb; N thlingril [r uncertain] spider. Q lia fine thread, spider
filament (*liga); N thle, Q liante spider. Cf. Ungoliante [UNG], N
Deldu-thling [DO3, DYEL.].
SLIN- *slindi fine, delicate. Q linda 'fair' is blended with *linda
sweet-sounding [see LIND]. N thlinn, thlind fine, slender; thlein (pl.
thlin) = *slinya lean, thin, meagre.
SLIW- sickly. *sliwe sickness: Q live, ON sliwe, thliwe, N thliw later
fliw. *slaiwa sickly, sick, ill; Q laiwa, ON slaiwa, thlaiwa, N thlaew
[> thloew] later flaew.
SLUK- swallow. [No forms given.]
SLUS-, SRUS- whisper. N thloss (floss) or thross a whisper or rustling
sound; Q lusse a whispering sound, lussa- to whisper.
SMAG- soil, stain. N maw ("maga) soil, stain, mael (*magla) stain
and adj. stained. [N maw and mael changed to hmas and hmael; see
note to SMAL.]
SMAL- yellow. *smalina: Q, ON malina yellow, N malen (pl. melin).
*smalda: Q malda gold (as metal), ON malda, N malt; N malthen
(analogical for mallen) of gold. Cf. Melthinorn, older Mellinorn.
*smalu pollen, yellow powder: Q malo, ON malo (pl. malui), N mal,
pl. meil or mely. *smahva fallow, pale: Q malwa, N malw.
*asmale, *asmalinde yellow bird, 'yellow hammer': Q ammale,
ambale; ON ammale, ammalinde, N em(m)elin, emlin.
[I give this entry as it was before it became confused by later changes in
the phonology of initial sm- (ON retained sm-, and the N words have
(h)m-); these were not carried through consistently. - Melthinorn 'tree
of gold' is found in the list of names of the Trees in QS $ 16.]
SNAR- tie. Q narda knot; N nard.
SNAS-, SNAT- ? Q nasta spear-head, point, gore, triangle (cf. NAS);
Dan. snaes. N naith (natsai pl.? ) gore. [Cf. the Naith of Loth1orien.
The question-mark is followed by a drawing of an arrow-head.]
SNEW- entangle. Q neuma snare; ON numa, N nu noose, snare. [The
N forms were changed to sniuma and snyma; hniof (pl. hnyf) and
hnuif. See note to SMAL.]
SNUR- twist. N norn twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted; nord
cord.
SOL- Q solor (*solos) surf, cf. Solonel, pl. Soloneldi = Teleri. This is a
Telerin form, cf. Fallinel, and cf. pure Q Solonyeldi [see NYEL].
SPAL-, SPALAS- variants of PHAL, PHALAS, q.v.
SPAN- white. Q fanya, fana cloud. N fein white, faun cloud
(*spana); T spania; Dan. spenna. Cf. Fanyamar upper air; Span-
turo 'lord of cloud', Q Fantur surname of Mandos (Nurufantur,
N Gurfannor 'lord of Death-cloud') and of his brother Lorien
(Olofantur, N Olfannor 'lord of Dream-cloud'); N pl. i-Fennyr
or Fennir = Lorien and Mandos [see NGUR, or.os]. (Confused in
N with PHAY, q.v.) [The beginning of this entry was first written
'fanya cloud'; 'cloud' was struck through, and fana added, with
meanings 'white' and 'cloud', but it is not clear how they are to
be applied. - For Fanyamar see the Ambarkanta, IV. 236 etc. - 1
do not think that this association of the Fanturi with 'cloud' is found
anywhere else.]
SPANAG- *spanga: Q fanga; T spanga; ON sphanga beard; N fang,
cf. An(d)fang [ANAD] Longbeard, one of the tribes of Dwarves (pl.
Enfeng). Cf. Tinfang 'Starbeard', name of an Elvish piper; Ulfang
[ULUG].
SPAR- hunt, pursue. ON (s)pharobe hunt, (s)pharasse hunt(ing); EN
faras hunting (cf. Taur-na-Faras); feredir hunter (pl. faradrim); faro
to hunt. Elfaron 'star-hunter', Moon. [With Taur-na-Faras (the Hills
of the Hunters or Hunters' Wold) cf. Taur-na-Faroth in QS $ 112, and
with the name 'Star-hunter' of the Moon cf. QS $76.]
SPAY- despise, contemn. Q faika contemptible, mean. N foeg mean,
poor, bad.
SPIN- *spinde tress, braid of hair: Q finde, ON sphinde lock of hair;
sphindele (braided) hair; N findel, finnel, cf. Glorfindel. Cf. spine
larch, Q fine.
SRIP- scratch. N thribi to scratch.
STAB- *stabne, *stambe: Q sambe room, chamber; samna wooden
post. ON stabne, sthamne; N thafn post, wooden pillar; tham, thamb
hall. Q kaimasan, pl. kaimasambi bedchamber [KAY]. N thambas,
thamas great hall. *stabno, *stabro carpenter, wright, builder: Q
samno; ON sthabro(ndo), N thavron; Ilk. thavon.
STAG. press, compress. *stanga: Q sanga crowd, throng, press, N
thang compulsion, duress, need, oppression; cf. Thangorodrim (the
mountains of duress). Cf. sangahyando 'throng-cleaver' (sword-
name), N *havathang, dissimilated to havathang, hadafang [see
SYAD].
STAK- split, insert. *stanka, *stakna: Q sanka cleft, split; ON
sthanka, N thanc, cf. LHamthanc 'forked tongue', serpent-name
[LAB]. ON nestak- insert, stick in, EN nestegi, pa.t. nestanc.
STAL- steep. Ilk. thall (*stalre) steep, falling steeply (of river) -, thalos
torrent (also a proper name) [the river Thalos in Ossiriand].
STALAG- *stalga stalwart, steady, firm: T stalga; ON sthalga, N
thala, cf. thalion (*stalgondo) hero, dauntless man (pl. thelyn),
especially as surname of Hurin Thalion.
STAN- fix, decide. Cf. Q sanda firm, true, abiding; N thenid, thenin.
Q sanye rule, law; sanya regular, law-abiding, normal.
STAR- stiff. Q sara stiff dry grass, bent; N thar stiff grass; tharas
hassock, footstool; gwa-star hummock [wo]. ON stharna sapless,
stiff, rigid, withered; N tharn; not in Q since it would coalesce with
*sarna of stone [SAR].
STARAN- Cf. Ilk. thron stiff, hard (*starana); cf. thron-ding in
Balthronding name of Beleg's bow. [Under stems BEL and DING the
name is written Bel-.]
STELEG- N thela point (of spear); egthel, ecthel, cf. Ecthelion (see
EK). [An illegible word after ecthel may read 'same', i.e. the same
meaning as thela.]
STINTA- short. Q sinta; ON sthinta, N thent. N thinnas 'shortness',
name of mark indicating short quality of vowel.
SUD- base, ground. sundo base, root, root-word. [A hasty later
addition.]
SULUK- Q sulka; ON sulkha, N solch root (especially as edible).
SUK- drink. Q sukin I drink. N sogo, 3 sg. sog, pa.t. sunc, asogant
(sogennen); N suth draught, Q suhto; N sautha- drain. *sukma
drinking-vessel; Q sungwa; Ilk. saum.
Variant SUG- in *suglu: Q sulo goblet, N sul.
SUS- hiss. surya spirant consonant. [Later addition with SUD and
SAM.]
SWAD- *swanda: Q hwan (hwandi) sponge, fungus; N chwand,
chwann, hwand.
SWES- noise of blowing or breathing. *swesta-: Q hwesta- to puff;
hwesta breath, breeze, puff of air: ON hwesta, N chwest puff, breath,
breeze.
SWIN- whirl, eddy. Q hwinya- to swirl, eddy, gyrate; hwinde eddy,
whirlpool. N chwinio twirl, whirl, eddy; chwind, chwinn adj.; chwin
giddiness, faintness; chwiniol whirling, giddy, fantastic.
SYAD. shear through, cleave. Q hyarin I cleave. *syadno, *syando
'cleaver', sword; cf. *stangasyando = Q sangahyando 'throng-
cleaver' (sword-name) (see STAG). In N lost owing to coalescence
with KHAD [a stem not given in the Etymologies], except in + had
[....] (*syada), cf. hadafang (for hadathang) = Q sangahyando;
hasto hack through, from hast axe-stroke (*syad-ta). Cf. Q hyatse
cleft, gash (*syadse > syatse), and N hathel (*syatsela) broadsword-
blade, or axe-blade. [The illegible word would most naturally be
interpreted as 'throng', but this obviously cannot be the case (or
cannot have been intended.).]
SYAL- *syalma: Q hyalma shell, conch, horn of Ulmo. N half
seashell.
T.
TA - demonstrative stem 'that'. Q ta that, it; tana that (anaphoric);
tar thither (*tad), ON to.
TA-, TA3- high, lofty; noble. *tara lofty: Q tara, ON tara absorbed
in N by taur from PQ *taura (see TAWAR, TUR). N poetic only or
in ancient titles taur; often found in names, as Tor-, -dor, The latter
was blended with taro king and turo master: cf. Fannor [SPAN].
*taro king: only used of the legitimate kings of the whole tribes, as
Ingwe of the Lindar, Finwe of the Noldor (and later Fingolfin and
Fingon of all the exiled Gnomes). The word used of a lord or king of a
specified region was aran (ar), Q haran [see 3AR]. Thus Fingolfin
taur egledhriur 'King of the Exiles' [see LED], but Fingolfin aran
Chithlum 'King of Hithlum'. Q tar (pl. tari). N + taur, Ilk. tor, only
used of Thingol: Tor Thingol = King Thingol.
<tan queen, wife of a *taro: Q tari, but especially used in Q of
Varda (Tinwetari Queen of Stars) - but in cpds. and titles the sexless
cpd. form -tar was used: Tinwetar, Tinwerontar Queen of Stars =
Varda; Sorontar King of Eagles (name of a great eagle). The word
survived in Ilk. only in form toril = Melian. In N rhien, rhin was used
- 'crowned lady'. see RIG.
Base stem TA appears in Q Taniqetil (see NIK-W, TIL), where N
substitutes following adj.: Nimdil-dor. But the Q form is possibly
reduction of tan-nig with adjectival tana < *ta3na. The latter is
suggested by N taen height, summit of high mountain, especially in
Taen-Nimdil, Manwe's hall. Cf. also tarqendi = Lindar, 'High-elves',
tarqesta = Lindarin, or Qenya 'high-speech'. [On Tinwetar, Tinwe-
rontar see TIN and note.]
TAK- fix, make fast. Q take he fastens, pa.t. tanke; tanka firm, fixed,
sure. N taetho fasten, tie; tanc firm; tangado to make firm, confirm,
establish. Ilk. taga he fixes, constructs, makes; tach firm, stiff, solid,
*tankla pin, brooch: Q tankil; Ilk. tangol; N tachl, tachol. *takse
nail: Q takse; N taes; Ilk. tass pin. Cf. Q peltas (peltaksi) pivot, N
pelthaes [PEL]. *takma 'thing for fixing': Q tangwa hasp, clasp; N
taew holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple; Ilk. taum. *atakwe construc-
tion, building: Q ataqe; N adab building, house (pl. edeb).
TAL- foot. Q tal (g.sg. talen); N tal, pl. teil; Ilk. tal, pl. tel. Related is
TALAM floor, base, ground: Q talan (talami) floor, ground; talma
base, foundation, root (cf. Martalmar). N talaf ground, floor, pl.
teleif; Ilk. talum, pl. telmin. tal- is often used for 'end, lower end': so
Rhamdal 'Wall's-end', name of a place in East Beleriand [RAMBA]. -
Q tallune (*talrunya) sole of foot; N tellein, tellen (see RUN). [For
Martalmar (also Talmar Ambaren) see the Ambarkanta, IV. 241 - 5.]
TALAT- to slope, lean, tip. Q talta- to slope; talta adj. sloping, tilted,
leaning; talta an incline. N talad an incline, slope. atland sloping,
tilted; atlant oblique, slanting; atlanno to slope, slant.
[The entry was first written thus. A first addition to it was 'Cf.
Atalante (see LANT).' Subsequently the reference to LANT was changed
to DAT (under which stem (DAT, DANT) are given Q lanta a fall, lanta-
to fall, and Atalante the Fallen); but either at the same time or later
this addition was made: 'Atalante (a-prefix = complete) downfall,
overthrow, especially as name of the land of Numenor.' Cf. the
statement on this subject in my father's letter of July 1964, cited on p. 8
(footnote). - Other additions to this entry extended the meaning of Q
talta- ('slope, slip, slide down') and added Q atalta 'collapse, fall in'
and N talt 'slipping, falling, insecure.']
TAM- (cf. NDAM) knock. *tamro 'woodpecker' (= knocker): Q
tambaro; N tafr (= tavr), tavor, cf. Tavr-obel [PEL(ES)]. N tamno
to knock (*tamba); Q tamin I tap, pa.t. tamne; tamba- to knock,
keep on knocking.
TAN- make, fashion. *tano: Q tano craftsman, smith; Martano or
Martan, surname of Aule (Earth-smith), N Barthan [MBAR]. Q tanwe
craft, thing made, device, construction. Q kentano potter; N cennan.
[Certhan >] C(e)irdan shipbuilder. Tintanie star-maker = Varda
(Elbereth); N Gilthonieth or Gilthoniel. [The latter part of this entry,
from Q kentano, was an addition. Under KEM a Q word kemnaro
'potter' is given. The form Gilthonieth appears in the first draft of the
hymn to Elbereth in the original second chapter (Three is Company) of
The Lord of the Rings.]
TAP- stop. Q tape he stops, blocks (pa.t. tampe); tampa stopper.
TARAG- *targa tough, stiff; Q tarya; ON targa, N tara, tar-; Ilk.
targ. N tarlanc stiff-necked, obstinate; tarias [s uncertain] stiffness,
toughness, difficulty. [There must be a connection between tarlanc
'stiff-necked' (LANK) and Tarlang's Neck (The Return of the King
V.2), concerning which my father noted (Nomenclature of The Lord of
the Rings, published in Lobdell, A Tolkien Compass, p. 193) that it
was originally the name of a long ridge of rock but was later taken as a
personal name.]
j
TARAK- horn (of animals). Q tarka horn; N tarag horn, also used of
steep mountain path, cf. Tarag(g)aer = Ruddihorn [GAY]. [This
entry was additional to the main list. On Taragaer see p. 345.]
TARAS- ON tarsa trouble, N tars, tass labour, task. trasta- to
harass, trouble.
TATA- (cf. ATA, ATTA). N tad two, tadol double. Q tatya- to double,
repeat; tanta double. [An earlier entry, struck out, was as follows:
'TAT- oldest form AT(AT)? two. Q atta again, atta- back again, re-'.
See AT(AT).)
TATHAR- *tathar, *tathare, *tathre willow-tree: Q tasar, tasare;
N tathor (= *tathre), adj. tathren of willow; cf. Nan-tathren.
TAWAR- wood, forest. *taure great wood, forest: Q taure; N taur;
Ilk. taur. N Tauros 'Forest-Dread' [GOS], usual N by-name of Orome
(N Araw). *tawar wood (material): Q tavar wood, taurina of wood;
N tawar often used = taur; tawaren wooden (pl. tewerin). Ilk. taur
wood (place and material). *tawaro/e dryad, spirit of woods: Q tavaro
or tavaron, f. tavaril [cf. the old name Tavari, I. 66, 267.]
Note: N adj. taur mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, is
blend of *tara (= Q tara lofty), *taura masterful, mighty (TUR). It
affected the sense of taur forest (only used of huge forests).
TAY- extend, make long(er). Q taina lengthened, extended; taita to
prolong; taile lengthening, extension. N taen long (and thin).
TE3- line, direction. Q tie path, course, line, direction, way (*te3e),
N te line, way. Q tera, N tir straight, right. [This stem was changed to
TEN, and the ulterior form of Q tera, N tir given as *tenra. There is
also a very rough additional entry TEN (see below).]
TEK- make a mark, write or draw (signs or letters). Q teke writes;
tehta a mark (in writing), sign, diacritic - as andatehta 'long-mark'.
*tekla: Q tekil pen. *tekme letter, symbol: Q tengwa letter,
tengwanda alphabet; tengwe writing, tengwesta grammar. N teitho
write; teith mark (as andeith, ON andatektha); tiw letter (*tekme);
tegl, tegol pen. Q tenkele writing system, spelling; tekko stroke of
pen or brush (') when not used as long mark.
TEL-, TELU- *telma, -e hood, covering. Q telme (cf. telmello tel-
manna from hood to base [sic], from crown to foot, top to bottom);
telta- to canopy, overshadow, screen; telume dome, (especially) dome
of heaven. Cf. Telumehtar 'warrior of the sky', name of Orion. N telu
dome, high roof; daedelu canopy (see DAY); ortheli roof, screen
above, orthelian canopy. [Telumehtar reappears from the Lost Tales
(Telimektar, Telumektar).]
TELEK- stalk, stem, leg. Q telko leg, analogical pl. telqi; N telch
(pl. tilch) stem.
TELEP- silver; see KYELEP.
TELES- elf, sea-elf, third tribe of the Eldar. Q Teler, pl. Teleri;
Telerin Telerian; general pl. Telelli, Telellie 'Teler-folk'. Originally
the sense was 'hindmost, tarrier'; cf. Q tella hindmost, last, telle rear
(*telesa); N tele end, rear, hindmost part (pl. telei); adel behind, in
rear (of). Some forms show blending with KYEL, q.v. [On the meaning
of Teleri see the Lhammas $2 and QS $27.]
TEN- N ti line, row (< *tene); tar (*tenra) straight. Q terna row,
series, line; tea straight line, road. [See stem TE3 (changed to TEN),
where the derivative words are different formations.]
TER-, TERES- pierce. *terewa piercing, keen: Q tereva fine, acute;
N trim fine, slender; Ilk. trew. Cf. Q tere, ter through; N tri through,
and as prefix tre-, tri; ON tre unstressed prefix, see BAT, NAR; prep.
tri. *teren(e): Q teren (terene) slender; Terendul, name ('slender-
dark') [DUL, NDUL]. [The name Terendul occurs in The Lost Road
(p. 59).]
THAR- across, beyond. Thar-gelion; Thar-bad [?Crossway].
[Scribbled additional entry.]
THE- look (see or seem). N thir (*there) look, face, expression,
countenance; cf, Cranthir Ruddy-face [KARAN], Gostir older
Gorsthir 'dread-glance', dragon-name [GOS]. N thio to seem, thia it
appears.
THEL-, THELES- sister (cf. tor, toron- brother [TOR]). ON wathel
sister, associate, N gwathel, pl. gwethil. N thel, thelei sister, also
muinthel, pl. muinthil [see MOY]. Q seler, pl. selli sister; ON thele,
thelehi (thelesi); Q oselle [see wo] sister, associate. Usually used of
blood-kin in Q was onone, see NO, ONO; cf. ON wanure kinswoman,
N gwanur kinsman or kinswoman [wo].
THIL- (variant of SIL, q.v.) N Ithil poetic name of the Moon (Rhan)
= Q Isil 'the Sheen'; thilio to glister. Cf. Belthil, Galathilion, names of
the Elder of the Two Trees - but these may contain the variant SIL..
THIN- (cf. TIN). *thindi pallid, grey, wan: Q sinde grey. Sindo name
of Elwe's brother, in Telerian form Findo, Ilk. Thind, later in
Doriath called Thingol (i.e. Thind + gol wise, see NGOL) or Torthingol
[TA] King Thingol, also with title Tor Tinduma 'King of Twilight'
[TIN], N Aran Dinnu. N thind, thinn grey, pale; Ilk. thind. Q
sinye evening (N + thin); N thinna. Q sinta- fade (sintane), ON
thintha.
THON- Ilk. thon pine-tree. N thaun pl. thuin is probably an early
loan-word, with Ilk. o treated as ON o ( a. Ilk. Dor-thonion 'Land of
Pines', name of mountainous forest N. of Doriath and afterwards
becoming Taur-na-Fuin, a punning alteration of Dor-na-Thuin
(Noldorin translation of Ilk. Dor-thonion).
THOR-, THORON- Q soron (and sorne), pl. sorni eagle; N thor and
thoron, pl. therein - thoron is properly old gen. sg. = ON thoronen, Q
sernen, appearing in names as Cil-thoron, or Cil-thorondor [KIL]. Ilk.
thorn, pl. thurin. Q Sorontar (name of) King of Eagles, N Thorondor,
Ilk. Thorntor = Torthurnion. [Added:] Cf. name Elthor(o)n = eagle
of sky.
[The following was added in hastily above the entry THOR, THORON:
'THOR- = come swooping down; cf. Brilthor. Adj. thor swooping,
leaping down; thorod torrent.' I take this to be an indication of the
root-sense of THOR eagle.]
THU- puff, blow. Q suya- breathe; sule breath. Cf. Sulimo surname
of Manwe (wind-god). N thuio breathe; thul breath.
THUR- surround, fence, ward, hedge in, secrete. Ilk. thuren guarded,
hidden. Cf. Ilk. Garthurian Hidden Realm (= Doriath), sc. gard-
thurian; Noldorinized as Arthurien, more completely as Ar(d)-
thoren: thoren (*thaurena) pp. of thoro- fence [see 3AR]. Thurin-
gwethil (woman of) secret shadow, Doriathren name (N Dolwethil)
assumed by Tinuviel as a bat-shaped fay [WATH]. [Cf. the Lay of
Leithian line 3954, where a marginal note explains Thuringwethil as
'she of hidden shadow' (III. 297, 304). The present entry retains the
story of the Lay: it was Luthien who called herself by this name before
Morgoth (see III. 306).]
THUS- (related to THU?) *thausa: Q saura foul, evil-smelling,
putrid. N than: corrupt, rotten; thu stench, as proper name Thu chief
servant of Morgoth, also called Mor-thu, Q Sauro or Sauron or Suro =
Thu. [In the original draft for the chapter A Knife in the Dark in The
Lord of the Rings Frodo (but not there called Frodo) cries Elbereth!
Gilthoniel! Gurth i Morthu!]
TIK- (cf. PIK) Q tikse dot, tiny mark, point; amatikse, nuntikse
[indicated in the manuscript to mean dots or points placed above
(amatikse) or below (nuntikse) the line of writing. Added entry.]
TIL- point, horn. Q tilde point, horn; cf. Ta-niqe-til (g.sg. tilden); N
tild, till horn. Q Tilion 'the Horned', name of the man in the Moon; N
Tilion. Q neltil (neltildi), N nelthil triangle (see NEL). [Cf. QS $75:
marginal note by AElfwine to the name Tilion: 'hyrned' (Old English,
horned'). It is strange that Tilion is here the man in the Moon: in QS
(as in Q, IV. 97) he was 'a young hunter of the company of Orome'. Is
the implication that in later ages the myth of Tilion became the story of
the Man in the Moon? (see I. 202).]
TIN- (variant of (?) and in any case affected by THIN, q.v.) sparkle,
emit slender (silver, pale) beams. Q tine it glints, tintina it sparkles;
*tinme sparkle, glint: Q tinwe sparkle (star), [struck out: cf. Tin-
wetar, Tinwerontar star-queen, title of Varda;] tin-dome starlit dusk
(see DOMO); tingilya, tingilinde a twinkling star (see GIL).
N tinno to glint; tinw spark, small star; tint spark; gildin silver spark
(see GIL.); *tindumh, tindu, tinnu dusk, twilight, early night (with-
out moon). Cf. Aran Dinnu King of Twilight, name given by Gnomes
to Thingol, called by Ilkorins Tor Tinduma. Ilk. tim spark, star;
tingla- sparkle; tindum starlight, twilight. Q tinda glinting, silver;
tinde a glint.
N Tindumhiell, Tinnuviel, Tinuviel = 'daughter of twilight',
a kenning of the nightingale, Q Tindomerel (see SEL-D: *Tin-
domiselde), name given by Beren to Luthien daughter of Thingol. N
ordinary name of nightingale is dulind, dulin [DO3, LIN(2)]; Q
lomelinde; Ilk. mur(i)lind, myr(i)lind (see MOR). N moerilind,
merilin was Noldorinized from Ilk. murilind, since mori did not =
'night' in N.
The 'twilight' sense was largely due to THIN, q.v.
[Against this entry is written in the margin: 'Tintanie, Tintalle
Kindler = Varda; Q tinta- to kindle, make to spark': see pp. 344 - 5.
Other marginal notes are: 'cf. Timbredil', which thus reappears from
Q, IV. 82 (see BARATH); 'Tindubel twilit city' (see PEL(ES).]
TING-, TANG- onomatopoeic (cf. DING. Q tinge, tango, twang;
tinga-; N tang bowstring.
TINKO- metal. Q tinko; N tinc.
TIR- watch, guard. Q tirin I watch, pa.t. time; N tiri or tirio, pa.t.
tiriant. Q tirion watch-tower, tower. N tirith watch, guard; cf.
Minnas-tirith [MINI]. Cf. Q halatir (-tirnen), PQ *khalatirno
'fish-watcher', N heledirn = kingfisher; Dalath Dirnen 'Guarded
Plain'; Palantir 'Far-seer'. [For the etymology of 'kingfisher' see
KHAL(1), SEAL(2). - Palantir was a later addition, as also under
PAL.]
TIT- Q titta little, tiny; N tithen (pl. tithin).
TIW- fat, thick. *tiuka: Q tiuka thick, fat; ON tuka, N tug; Ilk. tiog.
*tiuko thigh: Q tiuko. Q tiuya- swell, grow fat; ON tuio-, N tuio to
swell (associated with TUY).
TOL(1)-OTH/OT eight. Q tolto; N toloth.
TOL(2)-tollo island: Q tol, pl. tolle; N toll, pl. tyll; cf. Tol-eressea, N
Toll-ereb.
TOP- cover, roof. "top-: Q topa roof; topa- to roof; tope covers (pa.t.
tompe). N tobo cover, roof over; tobas roofing.
TOR- brother (cf. THEL- sister). ON wator brother (wa = together),
especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or
associates; N gwador (gwedeir). ON toron brother, pl. toroni. N + tor,
terein; usually used was the cpd. muindor with analogical pl. muindyr
(see MOY, moina). Q toron, torni brother; otorno sworn brother,
associate [wo]; otornasse brotherhood; but usually of the blood-
kinship was used onoro (*wa-noro = of one kin, see wo, NO) = ON
wanuro, N gwanur kinsman.
TOW- Q to wool; toa of wool, woollen; N taw.
TUB- *tumbu deep valley, under or among hills: Q tumbo, N tum. Cf.
Tumladen 'the level vale' [LAT], the vale of Gondolin. *tubna deep:
Q tumna lowlying, deep, low; N tofn; Ilk. tovon. *Utubnu name of
Melko's vaults in the North: Q Utumno; N Udun; Ilk. Uduvon; Dan.
Utum.
TUG- *tugu: Q tuo; ON tugo, N tu; Ilk. tugh, tu; muscle, sinew;
vigour, physical strength. Cf. name Tuor (older tughor = tu-gor
'strength-vigour', see GOR). *tunga: Q tunga taut, tight (of strings,
resonant); N tong; Ilk. tung.
]
TUK- draw, bring. Q tukin I draw; N tegi (3 sg. tog) to lead, bring;
Ilk. toga he brings.
TUL- come, approach, move towards (point of speaker). Q tulin I
come; N teli to come, tol he comes. *tulta make come: Q tulta- send
for, fetch, summon; N toltho fetch; Ilk. tolda he fetches.
TULUK- Q tulka firm, strong, immoveable, steadfast; cf. Tulkas
(Tulkatho, Tulkassen). tulko (*tulku) support, prop. EN tolog
stalwart, trusty. tulu (*tulukme, ON tulugme) support, prop. Tulkas
was also called Ender (see NDER), EN Enner.
TUMPU- hump. Q tumpo; N tump.
TUN- *tundu: Q tundo; N tund, tunn hill, mound. *tunda: Q tunda
tall; N tond, tonn; Ilk. tund. *Tuna: Q Tun, Tuna Elf-city in
Valinor; ON Tuna, N Tun. Cf. N mindon isolated hill (*minitunda),
especially a hill with a watch-tower. [Under MINI N mindon is
derived from *minitaun. - I cannot explain why Tun appears here as a
Q form: see QS $39, and commentary on $$39, 45.]
TUP- *tupse: Q tupse thatch; N taus; Ilk. tuss.
TUR- power, control, mastery, victory. *ture mastery, victory: Q
ture; N tur. Cf. name Turambar, N Turamarth 'Master of Fate',
name taken in pride by Turin (Q Turindo) - which contains the same
element tur victory, + indo mood (see m).
*turo and in cpds. turo, tur, master, victor, lord: cf. Q Fantur, N
Fannor. Q turin I wield, control, govern, pa.t. turne; N ortheri, 3 sg.
orthor (*ortur-) master, conquer; tortho to wield, control. *taura: Q
taura mighty; N taur vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful - also high,
sublime (see TAWAR). [Added:] Turkil, cf. Tarkil = Numenorean
[KHIL].
TURUM- *turuma: Q turma shield; *turumbe: T trumbe shield; Ilk.
trumb, trum.
TUS- *tussa: Q tussa bush, N toss low-growing tree (as maple,
hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.): e.g. eregdos = holly-tree. See
EREK, OR-NI.
TUY- spring, sprout (cf. TIW grow fat, swell?). Q tuia sprouts,
springs; N tuio. *tuile: Q tuile spring-time; also used = dayspring,
early morn = artuile [AR(1)]. Cf. tuilindo (for *tuilelindo 'spring-
singer') swallow, N tuilind, tuilin [LIN(2)]. *tuima: Q tuima a sprout,
bud; N tuiw, tui.
TYAL- play. Q tyalie sport, play, game; tyalin I play. N telio, teilio
(*tyalia-) to play. Cf. tyalangando = harp-player (Q tyalangan): N
Talagand, one of the chiefs of Gondolin (see NGAN). N te(i)lien
sport, play.
TYUL- stand up (straight). *tyulma mast: Q tyulma. *tyulusse
poplar-tree: Q tyulusse, N tulus (pl. tylys) [see u].
U.
UB- abound. Q uvea abundant, in very great number, very large; uve
abundance, great quantity. N ofr (ovr), ovor abundant (*ubra), ovras
crowd, heap, etc.; ovro to abound.
UGU- and UMU- negative stems: Q uin and umin I do not, am not;
pa.t. ume. Q prefix u (< ugu, or gu) not, un-, in- (usually with bad
sense), as vanimor fair folk = (men and) elves, uvanimor monsters.
Cf. GU, MU. [Under BAN the Vanimor are the Children of the Valar; see
pp. 403 - 4. - This entry was first written, like all others in this part of
the manuscript, in pencil, but then overwritten in ink; it was struck
out, in pencil, but this may have been done before it was overwritten.
Apparently later pencilled additions are: [Q] umea evil, [N] um bad,
evil.]
ULU- pour, flow. Q ulya- pour (intr. pa.t. ulle, tr. ulyane); ulunde
flood; ulea pouring, flooding, flowing. *Ulumo name of the Vala of all
waters: Q Ulmo; N Ulu, usually called Guiar (see WAY). N oeil, eil it
is raining (*ulya); *ulda torrent, mountain-stream, EN old, oll.
ULUG- T ulga, Ilk. olg hideous, horrible; *ulgundo monster, de-
formed and hideous creature: Q ulundo; T ulgundo, Ilk. ulgund,
ulgon, ulion; N ulund, ulun. Also ULGU: cf. Ul- in Ulfang, Uldor,
Ulfast, Ulwarth, names of Swartmen. [These names of the Easterlings
were of course given to them by the Elves (as is specifically stated of
those with the element BOR); but cf. the Lhammas $ 10, where this is
not so.]
UNG- *ungwe: Q ungwe gloom; ungo cloud, dark shadow. Cf.
Ungweliante, Ungoliante the Spider, ally of Morgoth (cf. SLIG). Ilk.
ungol darkness, ungor black, dark, gloomy. In N not used except in
name Ungoliant, which is really taken from Q. The name of the Spider
in N is Delduthling (see DYEL, DO3).
UNU- (cf. NU, NDU). undu a parallel form in Q made to equal ama,
amba up [AM ]: down, under, beneath.
UNUK- Q unqe hollow; unka- hollow out; unqa adj. hollow.
UR- be hot. Q ur fire, N ur. Q Urin f. (g.sg. Urinden) name of the Sun.
Q uruite, uruva fiery. Cf. Dagor Vreged-ur Battle of Sudden Fire
[BEREK]. Q urya- blaze. [This entry was struck through, and beside
it the following written very roughly:] UR- wide, large, great.
Urion. Q ura large; N ur wide.
USUK- *us(u)k-we: Q usqe reek; N osp; Ilk. usc smoke.
UY- Q uile long trailing plant, especially seaweed; earuile seaweed
[AY]; Uinen (Uinenden) wife of Osse, ON Uinenda, EN Uinend,
Uinen (cf. NEN); [N] uil seaweed, oeruil.
W.
[The stems in W- form the concluding entries in the manuscript, and
unlike those that precede were carefully written in ink, with some
pencilled changes and additions.]
WA-, WAWA-, WAIWA- blow. Q vaiwa, waiwa wind; N gwaew;
Ilk. gwau.
WA3. stain, soil. *wa3ra: Q vara soiled, dirty; N gwaur (ON
wora); Ilk. gor. *wahta- to soil, stain: Q vahta; N gwatho (ON
wattobe); Ilk. goda-. *wahte a stain: ON watte, N gwath coalescing
with *wath, q.v. [WATH]; Ilk. god dirtiness, filth. *wahse: Q vakse
stain; ON wasse, N gwass. Cf. Iarwath 'Blood-stain' [YAR], surname
of Turin.
WAN- depart, go away, disappear, vanish. Q vanya- go, depart,
disappear, pa.t. vanne; vanwa gone, departed, vanished, lost, past;
vanwie the past, past time. This stem in N replaced KWAL in
application to death (of elves by fading, or weariness): thus gwanw
(*wanwe) death; gwanath death; gwann (*wanna) departed, dead.
Note: gwanw, gwanath are the 'act of dying', not 'death, Death' as a
state or abstract: that is guru (see NGUR). N gwanno (wanta-) depart,
die. [The stem WAN was changed in pencil to VAN.]
WA-N- goose: Q van, wan (pl. vani) goose; N gwaun, pl. guin.
WAR- give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray. ON warie betray,
cheat; awarta forsake, abandon. EN gwerio betray; gwarth betrayer;
awartha forsake; awarth abandonment. Cf. Ulwarth. [This entry was
an addition in pencil. On Ulwarth see ULUG and note.]
WATH- shade. ON watha, N gwath; Ilk. gwath. Cf. Ilk. Urthin (> N
Eredwethion). [This entry was an addition in pencil. Above Urthin
was written Gwethion.]
WAY- enfold. *waya envelope, especially of the Outer Sea or Air
enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls: Q w- vaia,
w- vaiya; ON *woia, uia, N ui. *Vayaro name of Ulmo, lord of
Vaiya: Q Vaiaro, N Uiar the usual N name of Ulmo. [The stem WAY
was changed in pencil to VAY. Under ULU it is said that Ulmo was
usually called Guiar in N.]
WED- bind. *weda: ON weda bond, N gwed; Ilk. gwed. N gwedi,
pa.t. gwend, gwenn later gwedant, bind. N angwed 'iron-bond',
chain. *waede bond, troth, compact, oath: Q vere; ON waide, N
gwaed. *wed-ta: Q vesta- swear (to do something), contract, make a
compact; vesta contract; vestale oath. N gwest oath; gwesto to swear;
gowest contract, compact, treaty, Q ovesta [wo]. [The Q words
derived from *wed-ta were struck out in pencil, with the note that they
'all fell with derivatives of BES'. These same words, with different
meaning, are found under BES: vesta matrimony, vesta- to wed;
vestale wedding. The reference in the original here is to BES (not as
previously to BED: see note to LEP).]
WEG- (manly) vigour. Q vie manhood, vigour (*we3e); vea adult,
manly, vigorous; veaner (adult) man [NER]; veasse vigour. veo
(*wego) man. The latter in compound form *-wego is frequent in
masculine names, taking Q form -we (< weg). This can be distin-
guished from -we (-we abstract suffix) by remaining -we in N, from
ON -mega. The abstract suffix occurs in the names Manwe, Fionwe,
Elwe, Ingwe, Finwe. These names do not occur in Exilic forms
"Manw, *Fionw, *Elw, *Finw - since Finwe for instance remained in
Valinor [see PHIN]. These names were used even by Gnomes in
Qenya form, assisted by the resemblance to -we in other names, as
Bronwe, ON Bronwega (see BORON). In N otherwise this stem only
survives in gweth manhood, also used = man-power, troop of able-
bodied men, host, regiment (cf. Forodweith Northmen). *weg-te
[This entry, the last under W as the manuscript was originally written,
was left unfinished. - Under PHOR the form is equally clearly
Forodwaith.]
WEN-, WENED- maiden. Q wende, vende; N gwend, gwenn. Often
found in feminine names, as Morwen, Eledwen: since the latter show
no -d even in archaic spelling, they probably contain a form wen-: cf.
Ilk. gwen girl; Q wene, vene and venesse virginity; N gweneth
virginity. [Added:] Some names, especially those of men, may contain
gwend bond, friendship: see WED. [The N noun gwend is not given
under WED. - Against this entry is written: 'Transfer to GWEN'. - In
the narrative texts (QS $ 129, AB 2 annal 245) the name Eledhwen was
interpreted as 'Elfsheen' - and this survived much later in the Grey
Annals; on the other hand under ELED the translation was changed
from 'Elf-fair' to 'Elf-maid'.]
WEY- wind, weave. Q, owing to change wei > wai, confused this with
WAY; but cf. Vaire (*weire) 'Weaver', name of the doom-goddess,
wife of Mandos: N Gwir. N gwi net, web. [The stem WEY was
changed in pencil to VEY.]
WIG- *winge: Q winge foam, crest of wave, crest. Cf. wingil nymph;
Wingelot, Wingelote 'foam-flower', Earendel's boat (N Gwingloth)
[LOT(H)]. N, Ilk. gwing spindrift, flying spray. [This entry was an
addition in pencil. - With wingil cf. the old name Wingildi, I. 66, 273.]
WIL- fly, float in air. *wilwa air, lower air, distinct from the 'upper' of
the stars, or the 'outer' (see WAY): Q wilwa > vilwa; N gwelw air (as
substance); gwelwen = Q vilwa; Ilk. gwelu, gwelo. Q vilin I fly, pa.t.
ville. N gwilith 'air' as a region = Q vilwa; cf. gilith = Q ilmen (see
GIL). Q wilwarin (pl. wilwarindi) butterfly; T vilverin; N gwilwileth;
Ilk. gwilwering. [The name Wilwa of the lower air is found also in
the preparatory outline for The Fall of Numenor (p. 12), whereas
Wilwa in the Ambarkanta was changed throughout to Vista, and so
also on the accompanying world-diagrams (IV. 240-7). By sub-
sequent pencilled changes the forms *wilwa, Q wilwa were changed to
*wilma, Q wilma; Q wilwa > vilwa was struck out; and Q vilin was
changed to wilin. A new stem WIS with derivative Q vista (see below)
was introduced, either at the same time or later, but the stem WIL. was
allowed to stand.]
WIN-, WIND- *windi blue-grey, pale blue or grey: Q vinde, N gwind,
gwinn. *winya: Q winya, vinya evening; N gwein, pl. gwin; Ilk.
gwini, gwine. *winta- fade: Q vinta-, pa.t. vinte, vintane; ON
wintha it fades, advesperascit ['evening approaches'], N gwinna.
[This entry was struck out, and 'see THIN written against it. The
following pencilled addition may have been made either before or after
the original entry was rejected, since it is not itself struck through:]
*windia pale blue: Q win(d)ya, vinya; N gwind.
WIS- Q vista air as substance. [See note to WIL..]
WO- together. The form wo would if stressed > wa in Eldarin. In Q
the form wo, and the unstressed wo, combined to produce prefix o-
'together': as in o-torno (see TOR), o-selle (see THEL), and many other
words, e.g. ovesta (see WED). In N we have gwa- when stressed, as in
gwuanur (= Q onoro) [TOR], gwuastar (see STAR), and frequently, but
only in old cpds. The living form was go-, developed from gwa- in
unstressed positions - originally mainly in verbs, but thence spreading
to verbal derivatives as in gowest (see WED). In many words this had
become a fixed element. Thus not- count, nut- tie coalesced in Exilic
* nod-; but 'count' was always expressed by gonod- unless some other
prefix was added, as in arnediad [AR(2)]. In Ilk. owing to coalescence of
gwo, 30 (in go) this prefix was lost [see 36].
Y.
[As already mentioned (p. 346) I have changed the representation of the
'semi-vowel' j to y, and therefore give these stems here, at the end of the
alphabet. The section belongs however among the entirely 'unrecon-
structed' parts of the work, and consists, like the I-stems, only of very
rough and difficult notes.]
YA- there, over there; of time, ago, whereas en yonder [EN] of time
points to the future. Q yana that (the former); ya formerly, ago:
yenya last year [YEN]; yara ancient, belonging to or descending from
former times; yare former days; yalume former times [LU]; yasse,
yalumesse, yaresse once upon a time; yarea, yalumea olden. N iaur
ancient, old(er); io (ia?) ago. 'Old' (in mortal sense, decrepit) is ingem
of persons, yearsick', old' (decrepit, worn) of things is gem [GENG-
WA]. See GYER.
YAB- fruit. Q yave fruit; N iau corn. Yavanna Fruit-giver (cf.
ANA(1)), N Ivann.
YAG- yawn, gape. *yagu- gulf: N ia, chiefly in place-names like Moria
= Black Gulf. *yagwe: Q yawe ravine, cleft, gulf; N iau. Q yanga- to
yawn.
YAK- *yakta-: Q yat (yaht-) neck; N iaeth. Q yatta narrow neck,
isthmus.
YAN- Cf. AYAN. Q yana holy place, fane, sanctuary; N iaun.
YAR- blood. Q yar (yaren); N iar; Iarwath Blood-stained (see
WA3), surname of Turin. Ilk. or blood; arn red; cf. Aros (= N iaros)
name of river with reddish water.
YAT- join. *yanta yoke, beside *yatma: Q yanta yoke; yanwe
bridge, joining, isthmus. N iant yoke; ianw bridge (eilianw 'sky-
bridge', rainbow, see 3EL).
YAY- mock. Q yaiwe, ON yaiwe, mocking, scorn; N iaew.
YEL- daughter. Q yelde; N iell, -iel. [This entry was removed with the
change of etymology of N iell: see SEL-D and YO, YON. A new
formulation of the stem YEL was introduced, but was in turn rejected.
This gave:] YEL- friend: Q yelda friendly, dear as friend; yelme;
-iel in names = [Old English] -wine (distinguish N -iel derived from
selda).
YEN- year. Q yen (yen-); linyewa,a old, having many years [LI]. Last
day of year = qantien, N penninar [KWAT]; first year, first day
minyen [MINI]. Endien Midyear [ENED] was a week outside the
months, between the sixth and seventh months, [?dedicated] to the
Trees: [also called] Aldalemnar, see LEP. N in year; inias annals;
idrin year (= ien-rinde, see RIN); edinar (at-yen-ar) anniversary
day., ennin = Valian Year., ingem year-sick' = old (mortally) [GENG-
WA]; ifant aged, long-lived (= yen-panta > impanta > in-fant)
[KWAT]. [The word Inias 'Annals' occurs in the title-pages given on
p. 202.]
YES- desire. Q yesta desire; N iest wish.
YO, YON- son. Q yondo, -ion; N ionn, -ion. [The following was added
when the entry YEL had been removed:] feminine yen, yend =
daughter; Q yende, yen.
YU- two, both. N ui- twi-, as uial twilight [KAL]. Q yuyo both.
YUK- employ, use. N iuith use, iuitho [?enjoy].
YUL- smoulder. Q yula ember, smouldering wood; yulme red
[?heat], smouldering heat; yulma brand. ON iolf brand; iul embers.
YUR- run. ON yurine I run, yura course; N ior course.
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