FOREWORD.
The title of this book comes from the same source as The
Treason of Isengard, a set of six titles, one for each 'Book' of
The Lord of the Rings, suggested by my father in a letter to
Rayner Unwin of March 1953 (The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
no. 136). The War of the Ring was that proposed for Book V,
and I have adopted it for this book since the history of the
writing of Book V constitutes nearly half of it, while the first
part concerns the victory of Helm's Deep and the destruction of
Isengard. The second part describes the writing of Frodo's
journey to Kirith Ungol, and this I have called 'The Ring Goes
East', which was the title proposed by my father for Book IV.
In the Foreword to The Return of the Shadow I explained
that a substantial collection of manuscripts was left behind in
England when the bulk of the papers went to Marquette
University in 1958, these manuscripts consisting for the most
part of outlines and the earliest narrative drafts; and I suggested
that this was a consequence of the papers being dispersed, some
in one place and some in another, at that time. But the
manuscript materials for The Return of the King were evidently
preserved with the main body of the papers, for nothing of
Books V and VI was left behind beyond some narrative outlines
and the first draft of the chapter 'Minas Tirith'. For my account
of Book V therefore I have been almost wholly dependent on the
provision from Marquette of great quantities of manuscript in
reproduction, without which the latter part of The War of the
Ring could not have been written at all. For this most generous
assistance I express my gratitude to all concerned in it, and most
especially to Mr Taum Santoski, who has been primarily
responsible for the work involved. In addition he has advised
me on many particular points which can be best decided by
close examination of the original papers, and he has spent much
time in trying to decipher those manuscripts in which my father
wrote a text in ink on top of another in pencil. I thank also Miss
Tracy J. Muench and Miss Elizabeth A. Budde for their part in
the work of reproducing the material, and Mr Charles B. Elston
for making it possible for me to include in this book several
illustrations from manuscripts at Marquette: the pages carry-
ing sketches of Dunharrow, of the mountains at the head of
Harrowdale, and of Kirith Ungol, the plan of Minas Tirith, and
the full-page drawing of Orthanc (5).
This book follows the plan and presentation of its predeces-
sors, references to previous volumes in 'The History of Middle-
earth' being generally given in Roman numerals (thus 'VII'
refers to The Treason of Isengard), FR, TT, and RK being used
as abbreviations for The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two
Towers, and The Return of the King, and page-references being
made throughout to the three-volume hardback edition of The
Lord of the Rings (LR). In several parts of the book the textual
history is exceedingly complex. Since the story of the evolution
of The Lord of the Rings can of course only be discovered by the
correct ordering and interpretation of the manuscripts, and
must be recounted in those terms, the textual history cannot be
much simplified; and I have made much use of identifying letters
for the manuscripts in order to clarify my account and to try to
avoid ambiguities. In Books IV and V problems of chronologi-
cal synchronisation became acute: a severe tension is sometimes
perceptible between narrative certainties and the demands of an
entirely coherent chronological structure (and the attempt to
right dislocation in time could very well lead to dislocation in
geography). Chronology is so important in this part of The
Lord of the Rings that I could not neglect it, but I have put
almost all of my complicated and often inconclusive discussion
into 'Notes on the Chronology' at the end of chapters.
In this book I have used accents throughout in the name, of
the Rohirrim (Theoden, Eomer, &c.).
Mr Charles Noad has again read the proofs independently
and checked the very large number of citations, including those
to other passages within the book, with a strictness and care
that I seem altogether unable to attain. In addition I have
adopted several of his suggestions for improvement in clarity
and consistency in my account. I am much indebted to him for
this generous and substantial work.
I am very grateful for communications from Mr Alan Stokes
and Mr Neil Gaiman, who have explained my father's reference
in his remarks about the origins of the poem Errantry (The
Treason of Isengard p. 85): 'It was.begun very many years ago,
in an attempt to go on with the model that came unbidden into
my mind: the first six lines, in which, I guess, D'ye ken the
rhyme to porringer had a part.' The reference is to a Jacobite
song attacking William of Orange as usurper of the English
crown from his father-in-law, James II, and threatening to hang
him. The first verse of this song runs thus in the version given
by Iona and Peter Opie in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery
Rhymes (no. 422):
What is the rhyme for porringer?
What is the rhyme for porringer?
The king he had a daughter fair
And gave the Prime of Orange her.
The verse is known in several forms (in one of which the
opening line is Ken ye the rhyme to porringer? and the last And
he gave her to an Oranger). This then is the unlikely origin of
the provender of the Merry Messenger:
There was a merry passenger,
a messenger, an errander;
he took a tiny porringer
and oranges for provender.
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