FOREWORD.
In 'The History of Middle-earth' I have tried to make each book
as much an independent entity as possible, and not merely a
section cut off when the book had reached a certain size; but in
the history of the writing of The Lord of the Rings this has
proved difficult. In The Return of the Shadow I was able to
bring the story to the point where my father, as he said, 'halted
for a long while' while the Company of the Ring stood before
the tomb of Balin in the mines of Khazad-dum; but this meant
leaving till later the further complex restructurings of earlier
parts of The Fellowship of the Ring that belong to that period.
In this volume my hope and intention was to reach the second
major halt in the writing of The Lord of the Rings. In the
Foreword to the Second Edition my father said that in 1942 he
'wrote the first drafts of the matter that now stands as Book III
[the story from 'The Departure of Boromir' to 'The Palantir'],
and the beginnings of Chapters 1 and 3 of Book V ['Minas
Tirith' and 'The Muster of Rohan']; and there as the beacons
flared in Anorien and Theoden came to Harrowdale I stopped.
Foresight had failed and there was no time for thought.' It seems
to have been around the end of 1942 that he stopped, and he
began again ('I forced myself to tackle the journey of Frodo to
Mordor') at the beginning of April 1944, after an interval of
well over a year.
For this reason I chose as a title for this book The Treason of
Isengard, that being a title my father had proposed for Book III
(the first Book of The Two Towers) in a letter to Rayner Unwin
of March 1953 (The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien no. 136). But I
have found repeatedly that a history of the writing of The Lord
of the Kings tends to set its own pace and scale, and that there
comes a sort of critical point beyond which condensation of the
intricacies of the evolving structure is not possible, without
changing the nature of the enterprise. Finding that the story was
not moving rapidly enough to reach the great ride of Gandalf
with Pippin on Shadowfax before I ran out of space, I rewrote a
great part of the book in an attempt to shorten it; but I found
that if I rejected material as being less essential or of less interest
I was always confronted at a later point with the need for
explanations that destroyed my gains. Finally I decided that
'The King of the Golden Hall' does in fact provide a very
suitable stopping-place, not in terms of the movement of
composition but in terms of the movement of the story; and I
have retained the title The Treason of Isengard, because that
was the central new element in this part of The Lord of the
Rings, even though in this book the account of the destruction
of Isengard and the reward of Saruman's betrayal is only
reached in a preliminary outline.
Of course it would be possible to shorten my account very
considerably by treating such matters as the chronology and
geography far more superficially, but as I know well there are
some who find these often exceedingly complex questions of
great interest, and those who do not can easily pass them by. Or
I might have omitted some passages of original writing where it
is not very distinctively different from the published work; but it
has been my intention throughout this 'History' that the
author's own voice should be largely heard.
The way in which The Return of the Shadow was constructed
has meant that the first part of The Treason of Isengard must
deal at some length with further developments in The Fel-
lowship of the Ring up to the point reached in the first book,
and this part is of necessity a continuation of the account in The
Return of the Shadow and stands in very close relation to it -
though most of the many page-references made to it are no
more than references and need not be looked up in order to
follow the discussion.
This book is again very largely descriptive in intent; and in
general I have thought it more useful to explain why I believe
the narrative to have evolved as I describe it than to enlarge on
my own views of the significance of particular features.
As the writing of The Lord of the Rings proceeds the initial
draftings become more and more difficult to read; but for
obvious reasons I have not hesitated to try to present even the
most formidable examples, such as the original description of
Frodo's vision on Amon Hen (pp. 372 - 3), though the result
must be peppered all over with dots and queries.
In the preparation of this book I have again been greatly
indebted to the help of Mr Taum Santoski generously and
unfailingly given, and to that of Mr John D. Rateliff who has
assisted in the analysis of manuscripts in the possession of
Marquette University. I thank also Mr Charles B. Elston, the
Archivist of the Memorial Library at Marquette, for providing
photographs of the designs on the West Gate of Moria and the
inscription on Balin's Tomb, and Miss Tracy Muench, who has
been responsible for the photocopying of many manuscripts.
Mr Charles Noad very kindly undertook an additional and
independent reading of the proofs, together with a meticulous
checking of all references and citations from published works.
In this connection I must explain, what I should have explained
in The Return of the Shadow, a perhaps rather misleading
device that I have employed in these books: when relating an
earlier text to the published form I often treat passages as
identical although the wording actually differs in unimportant
ways. Thus for example (p. 370) 'Sam broke in on the discus-
sion... with "Begging your pardons, but I don't think you
understand Mr Frodo at all (FR p. 419) is not a misquotation
of The Fellowship of the Ring (which has Begging your
pardon," said Sam. "I don't think you understand my master at
all"'), but a 'shorthand' by which I indicate the precise point in
The Fellowship of the Ring but also cite accurately the reading
of the earlier text. I do this also when relating successive early
versions to each other.
The illustration of Orthanc in the Ring of Isengard repro-
duced as the frontispiece is the earliest of successive conceptions
of the tower, and may be taken to represent my father's image
of it at the time when the texts in this book were written. It was
done on the back of an examination script in 1942, and was
found, together with other drawings, among the original drafts
of 'The Road to Isengard'. The evolution of Orthanc will be
described in Volume VIII, but it seemed suitable to use this
picture as the frontispiece to The Treason of Isengard.
As in The Return of the Shadow, when citing texts I follow
my father's representation of names, which was very inconsis-
tent, especially in the use of capital letters. I abbreviate The
Fellowship of the Ring as FR, The Two Towers as TT, and The
Lord of the Rings as LR; and I refer to the previous volumes in
this 'History', listed on the title-page, as (e.g.) 'II.189, V.226'.
I take this opportunity to explain an error in The Return of
the Shadow (not present in the first American printing). After
correction of the second proofs, lines 11 - 12 on page 32 of that
book came to be repeated in lines 15 - 16 in place of the correct
text, which should read:
Bingo's last words, 'I am leaving after dinner', were
corrected on the manuscript to 'I am leaving now.'
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